Comorbidities of nontuberculous mycobacteria infection in Korean adults: results from the National Health Insurance Service–National Sample Cohort (NHIS–NSC) database

BACKGROUND: The global prevalence and incidence of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infection are increasing. However, the prevalence of NTM infection-associated comorbidities remains understudied. Thus, we investigated the comorbidities associated with NTM infection using the National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort (NHIS–NSC) 2.0 database of the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS). METHODS: In this case–control study, patients with NTM infection and controls aged 20–89 years of age were matched 1:4 by sex, age, region, and income. A total of 26 comorbidities were selected based on previous reports and claims data analysis. The distribution of comorbidities was compared between patients with NTM infection and controls by sex and age using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: In total, 893 patients (379 men and 514 women) with NTM infection (mean age, 56.1 years) and 3,572 controls (mean age, 55.6 years) were included. The odds ratio for prevalence of respiratory diseases, metabolic diseases, musculoskeletal disorders, gastrointestinal diseases, skin diseases, mental diseases, and neoplasms was significantly higher in patients with NTM infection than in the control group. Among comorbid diseases, the odds ratios (ORs) for the prevalence of the respiratory diseases such as bronchiectasis (OR [95% confidence interval (CI)]: 26.79 [19.69–36.45]) and interstitial pneumonitis (OR [95% CI]: 15.10 [7.15–31.89]) were the highest. No significant differences were observed in NTM infection-related comorbidities between men and women. In the younger age group (20–39 years old), the prevalence of respiratory and systemic diseases such as hypertension and diabetes was higher in the patient group than in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: NTM infection is associated with several respiratory and systemic diseases that should be considered when providing medical care to patients with NTM infection. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12890-022-02075-y.