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Extracellular vesicles through the blood–brain barrier: a review

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are particles naturally released from cells that are delimited by a lipid bilayer and are unable to replicate. How the EVs cross the Blood–Brain barrier (BBB) in a bidirectional manner between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma remains poorly understood. Most in vitro...

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Autores principales: Ramos-Zaldívar, Héctor M., Polakovicova, Iva, Salas-Huenuleo, Edison, Corvalán, Alejandro H., Kogan, Marcelo J., Yefi, Claudia P., Andia, Marcelo E.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: BioMed Central 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9310691/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35879759
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12987-022-00359-3
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author Ramos-Zaldívar, Héctor M.
Polakovicova, Iva
Salas-Huenuleo, Edison
Corvalán, Alejandro H.
Kogan, Marcelo J.
Yefi, Claudia P.
Andia, Marcelo E.
author_facet Ramos-Zaldívar, Héctor M.
Polakovicova, Iva
Salas-Huenuleo, Edison
Corvalán, Alejandro H.
Kogan, Marcelo J.
Yefi, Claudia P.
Andia, Marcelo E.
author_sort Ramos-Zaldívar, Héctor M.
collection PubMed
description Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are particles naturally released from cells that are delimited by a lipid bilayer and are unable to replicate. How the EVs cross the Blood–Brain barrier (BBB) in a bidirectional manner between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma remains poorly understood. Most in vitro models that have evaluated this event have relied on monolayer transwell or microfluidic organ-on-a-chip techniques that do not account for the combined effect of all cellular layers that constitute the BBB at different sites of the Central Nervous System. There has not been direct transcytosis visualization through the BBB in mammals in vivo, and evidence comes from in vivo experiments in zebrafish. Literature is scarce on this topic, and techniques describing the mechanisms of EVs motion through the BBB are inconsistent. This review will focus on in vitro and in vivo methodologies used to evaluate EVs transcytosis, how EVs overcome this fundamental structure, and discuss potential methodological approaches for future analyses to clarify these issues. Understanding how EVs cross the BBB will be essential for their future use as vehicles in pharmacology and therapeutics.
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spelling pubmed-93106912022-07-26 Extracellular vesicles through the blood–brain barrier: a review Ramos-Zaldívar, Héctor M. Polakovicova, Iva Salas-Huenuleo, Edison Corvalán, Alejandro H. Kogan, Marcelo J. Yefi, Claudia P. Andia, Marcelo E. Fluids Barriers CNS Review Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are particles naturally released from cells that are delimited by a lipid bilayer and are unable to replicate. How the EVs cross the Blood–Brain barrier (BBB) in a bidirectional manner between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma remains poorly understood. Most in vitro models that have evaluated this event have relied on monolayer transwell or microfluidic organ-on-a-chip techniques that do not account for the combined effect of all cellular layers that constitute the BBB at different sites of the Central Nervous System. There has not been direct transcytosis visualization through the BBB in mammals in vivo, and evidence comes from in vivo experiments in zebrafish. Literature is scarce on this topic, and techniques describing the mechanisms of EVs motion through the BBB are inconsistent. This review will focus on in vitro and in vivo methodologies used to evaluate EVs transcytosis, how EVs overcome this fundamental structure, and discuss potential methodological approaches for future analyses to clarify these issues. Understanding how EVs cross the BBB will be essential for their future use as vehicles in pharmacology and therapeutics. BioMed Central 2022-07-25 /pmc/articles/PMC9310691/ /pubmed/35879759 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12987-022-00359-3 Text en © The Author(s) 2022 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.
spellingShingle Review
Ramos-Zaldívar, Héctor M.
Polakovicova, Iva
Salas-Huenuleo, Edison
Corvalán, Alejandro H.
Kogan, Marcelo J.
Yefi, Claudia P.
Andia, Marcelo E.
Extracellular vesicles through the blood–brain barrier: a review
title Extracellular vesicles through the blood–brain barrier: a review
title_full Extracellular vesicles through the blood–brain barrier: a review
title_fullStr Extracellular vesicles through the blood–brain barrier: a review
title_full_unstemmed Extracellular vesicles through the blood–brain barrier: a review
title_short Extracellular vesicles through the blood–brain barrier: a review
title_sort extracellular vesicles through the blood–brain barrier: a review
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9310691/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35879759
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12987-022-00359-3
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