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The Use of Abdominal Ultrasound to Improve the Cryptorchidectomy of Pigs

SIMPLE SUMMARY: Cryptorchidism is the failure of one or both the testes to descend in the scrotum. In pigs, the incidence of cryptorchidism varies from 4% to 12%, and the most frequent localisation of retained testes is the abdominal region. In other species, transabdominal ultrasound is the most re...

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Autores principales: Carbonari, Alice, Lillo, Edoardo, Cicirelli, Vincenzo, Sciorsci, Raffaele Luigi, Rizzo, Annalisa
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2022
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Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9312328/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35883311
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12141763
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author Carbonari, Alice
Lillo, Edoardo
Cicirelli, Vincenzo
Sciorsci, Raffaele Luigi
Rizzo, Annalisa
author_facet Carbonari, Alice
Lillo, Edoardo
Cicirelli, Vincenzo
Sciorsci, Raffaele Luigi
Rizzo, Annalisa
author_sort Carbonari, Alice
collection PubMed
description SIMPLE SUMMARY: Cryptorchidism is the failure of one or both the testes to descend in the scrotum. In pigs, the incidence of cryptorchidism varies from 4% to 12%, and the most frequent localisation of retained testes is the abdominal region. In other species, transabdominal ultrasound is the most reliable diagnostic tool to localize the retained testis. This study aimed to evaluate the value of ultrasound in correctly identifying the location of retained testes, to improve the cryptorchidectomy in pigs. The ultrasound examination reduced the duration of anaesthesia, surgery, and postoperative pain. Indeed, the technique used is safe, effective, and rapid. To locate the testis, it should recognise the echo structure of the testicle and the mediastinum is well always recognisable for its hyperechogenicity. The routine use of the ultrasound examination is considered a useful alternative before the cryptorchidectomy in the pig because it allows the exact location of the retained testicle, ensuring reduced manipulation of the viscera. ABSTRACT: This study aimed to describe a technique to locate retained testes in pigs by means of ultrasound examination and thereafter proceed with cryptorchidectomy. Fifty-two monolateral cryptorchid pigs were enrolled. After anaesthesia, 42 pigs (Group U) underwent ultrasound examination before cryptorchidectomy, and 10 pigs (Group C) were used as control group without ultrasonography. The total duration of anaesthesia, ultrasound examination, and surgery was evaluated. In 10 pigs of Group U and 10 pigs of Group C, the heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), and body temperature (T) were monitored to assess intraoperative pain response. An operator used the Piglet Grimace Scale (PGS) to assess postoperative pain. In Group U, the total time required for anaesthesia and surgery was less than Group C. No intra- or postoperative complications were reported in both groups. For HR, RR, and T, no statistically significant differences were observed. During the postoperative pain assessment, the highest pain scores were recorded at T6 (6 h after surgery). Ultrasound examination was found to be a valid technique for locating the retained testis in the abdomen in cryptorchid pigs and to reduce the duration of the surgery.
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spelling pubmed-93123282022-07-26 The Use of Abdominal Ultrasound to Improve the Cryptorchidectomy of Pigs Carbonari, Alice Lillo, Edoardo Cicirelli, Vincenzo Sciorsci, Raffaele Luigi Rizzo, Annalisa Animals (Basel) Article SIMPLE SUMMARY: Cryptorchidism is the failure of one or both the testes to descend in the scrotum. In pigs, the incidence of cryptorchidism varies from 4% to 12%, and the most frequent localisation of retained testes is the abdominal region. In other species, transabdominal ultrasound is the most reliable diagnostic tool to localize the retained testis. This study aimed to evaluate the value of ultrasound in correctly identifying the location of retained testes, to improve the cryptorchidectomy in pigs. The ultrasound examination reduced the duration of anaesthesia, surgery, and postoperative pain. Indeed, the technique used is safe, effective, and rapid. To locate the testis, it should recognise the echo structure of the testicle and the mediastinum is well always recognisable for its hyperechogenicity. The routine use of the ultrasound examination is considered a useful alternative before the cryptorchidectomy in the pig because it allows the exact location of the retained testicle, ensuring reduced manipulation of the viscera. ABSTRACT: This study aimed to describe a technique to locate retained testes in pigs by means of ultrasound examination and thereafter proceed with cryptorchidectomy. Fifty-two monolateral cryptorchid pigs were enrolled. After anaesthesia, 42 pigs (Group U) underwent ultrasound examination before cryptorchidectomy, and 10 pigs (Group C) were used as control group without ultrasonography. The total duration of anaesthesia, ultrasound examination, and surgery was evaluated. In 10 pigs of Group U and 10 pigs of Group C, the heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), and body temperature (T) were monitored to assess intraoperative pain response. An operator used the Piglet Grimace Scale (PGS) to assess postoperative pain. In Group U, the total time required for anaesthesia and surgery was less than Group C. No intra- or postoperative complications were reported in both groups. For HR, RR, and T, no statistically significant differences were observed. During the postoperative pain assessment, the highest pain scores were recorded at T6 (6 h after surgery). Ultrasound examination was found to be a valid technique for locating the retained testis in the abdomen in cryptorchid pigs and to reduce the duration of the surgery. MDPI 2022-07-09 /pmc/articles/PMC9312328/ /pubmed/35883311 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12141763 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Carbonari, Alice
Lillo, Edoardo
Cicirelli, Vincenzo
Sciorsci, Raffaele Luigi
Rizzo, Annalisa
The Use of Abdominal Ultrasound to Improve the Cryptorchidectomy of Pigs
title The Use of Abdominal Ultrasound to Improve the Cryptorchidectomy of Pigs
title_full The Use of Abdominal Ultrasound to Improve the Cryptorchidectomy of Pigs
title_fullStr The Use of Abdominal Ultrasound to Improve the Cryptorchidectomy of Pigs
title_full_unstemmed The Use of Abdominal Ultrasound to Improve the Cryptorchidectomy of Pigs
title_short The Use of Abdominal Ultrasound to Improve the Cryptorchidectomy of Pigs
title_sort use of abdominal ultrasound to improve the cryptorchidectomy of pigs
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9312328/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35883311
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12141763
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