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Sugars and the speed of life—Metabolic signals that determine plant growth, development and death

Plant growth and development depend on the availability of carbohydrates synthesised in photosynthesis (source activity) and utilisation of these carbohydrates for growth (sink activity). External conditions, such as temperature, nutrient availability and stress, can affect source as well as sink ac...

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Autores principales: Wingler, Astrid, Henriques, Rossana
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9314607/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35243645
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ppl.13656
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author Wingler, Astrid
Henriques, Rossana
author_facet Wingler, Astrid
Henriques, Rossana
author_sort Wingler, Astrid
collection PubMed
description Plant growth and development depend on the availability of carbohydrates synthesised in photosynthesis (source activity) and utilisation of these carbohydrates for growth (sink activity). External conditions, such as temperature, nutrient availability and stress, can affect source as well as sink activity. Optimal utilisation of resources is under circadian clock control. This molecular timekeeper ensures that growth responses are adjusted to different photoperiod and temperature settings by modulating starch accumulation and degradation accordingly. For example, during the night, starch degradation is required to provide sugars for growth. Under favourable growth conditions, high sugar availability stimulates growth and development, resulting in an overall accelerated life cycle of annual plants. Key signalling components include trehalose‐6‐phosphate (Tre6P), which reflects sucrose availability and stimulates growth and branching when the conditions are favourable. Under sink limitation, Tre6P does, however, inhibit night‐time starch degradation. Tre6P interacts with Sucrose‐non‐fermenting1‐Related Kinase1 (SnRK1), a protein kinase that inhibits growth under starvation and stress conditions and delays development (including flowering and senescence). Tre6P inhibits SnRK1 activity, but SnRK1 increases the Tre6P to sucrose ratio under favourable conditions. Alongside Tre6P, Target of Rapamycin (TOR) stimulates processes such as protein synthesis and growth when sugar availability is high. In annual plants, an accelerated life cycle results in early leaf and plant senescence, thus shortening the lifespan. While the availability of carbohydrates in the form of sucrose and other sugars also plays an important role in seasonal life cycle events (phenology) of perennial plants, the sugar signalling pathways in perennials are less well understood.
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spelling pubmed-93146072022-07-30 Sugars and the speed of life—Metabolic signals that determine plant growth, development and death Wingler, Astrid Henriques, Rossana Physiol Plant Special Issue Articles Plant growth and development depend on the availability of carbohydrates synthesised in photosynthesis (source activity) and utilisation of these carbohydrates for growth (sink activity). External conditions, such as temperature, nutrient availability and stress, can affect source as well as sink activity. Optimal utilisation of resources is under circadian clock control. This molecular timekeeper ensures that growth responses are adjusted to different photoperiod and temperature settings by modulating starch accumulation and degradation accordingly. For example, during the night, starch degradation is required to provide sugars for growth. Under favourable growth conditions, high sugar availability stimulates growth and development, resulting in an overall accelerated life cycle of annual plants. Key signalling components include trehalose‐6‐phosphate (Tre6P), which reflects sucrose availability and stimulates growth and branching when the conditions are favourable. Under sink limitation, Tre6P does, however, inhibit night‐time starch degradation. Tre6P interacts with Sucrose‐non‐fermenting1‐Related Kinase1 (SnRK1), a protein kinase that inhibits growth under starvation and stress conditions and delays development (including flowering and senescence). Tre6P inhibits SnRK1 activity, but SnRK1 increases the Tre6P to sucrose ratio under favourable conditions. Alongside Tre6P, Target of Rapamycin (TOR) stimulates processes such as protein synthesis and growth when sugar availability is high. In annual plants, an accelerated life cycle results in early leaf and plant senescence, thus shortening the lifespan. While the availability of carbohydrates in the form of sucrose and other sugars also plays an important role in seasonal life cycle events (phenology) of perennial plants, the sugar signalling pathways in perennials are less well understood. Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2022-03-14 2022 /pmc/articles/PMC9314607/ /pubmed/35243645 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ppl.13656 Text en © 2022 The Authors. Physiologia Plantarum published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Scandinavian Plant Physiology Society. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.
spellingShingle Special Issue Articles
Wingler, Astrid
Henriques, Rossana
Sugars and the speed of life—Metabolic signals that determine plant growth, development and death
title Sugars and the speed of life—Metabolic signals that determine plant growth, development and death
title_full Sugars and the speed of life—Metabolic signals that determine plant growth, development and death
title_fullStr Sugars and the speed of life—Metabolic signals that determine plant growth, development and death
title_full_unstemmed Sugars and the speed of life—Metabolic signals that determine plant growth, development and death
title_short Sugars and the speed of life—Metabolic signals that determine plant growth, development and death
title_sort sugars and the speed of life—metabolic signals that determine plant growth, development and death
topic Special Issue Articles
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9314607/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35243645
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ppl.13656
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