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Understanding Sensitization, Cognitive and Neuropathic Associated Mechanisms behind Post-COVID Pain: A Network Analysis
This study aimed to describe a network including demographic, sensory-related, psychological/cognitive and other variables in individuals with post-COVID pain after hospitalization. Demographic (i.e., age, height, weight, months with symptoms), sensory-related (Central Sensitization Inventory -CSI-,...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9316513/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35885444 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12071538 |
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author | Fernández-de-las-Peñas, César Herrero-Montes, Manuel Cancela-Cilleruelo, Ignacio Rodríguez-Jiménez, Jorge Parás-Bravo, Paula Varol, Umut del-Valle-Loarte, Pablo Flox-Benítez, Gema Arendt-Nielsen, Lars Valera-Calero, Juan A. |
author_facet | Fernández-de-las-Peñas, César Herrero-Montes, Manuel Cancela-Cilleruelo, Ignacio Rodríguez-Jiménez, Jorge Parás-Bravo, Paula Varol, Umut del-Valle-Loarte, Pablo Flox-Benítez, Gema Arendt-Nielsen, Lars Valera-Calero, Juan A. |
author_sort | Fernández-de-las-Peñas, César |
collection | PubMed |
description | This study aimed to describe a network including demographic, sensory-related, psychological/cognitive and other variables in individuals with post-COVID pain after hospitalization. Demographic (i.e., age, height, weight, months with symptoms), sensory-related (Central Sensitization Inventory -CSI-, Self-Report Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms -S-LANSS-, PainDETECT), psychological/cognitive (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale -HADS-A/HADS-D-, Pain Catastrophizing Scale -PCS-, Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia -TSK-11-) and other (sleep quality and health-related quality of life -EQ/5D/5L) variables were collected in 146 COVID-19 survivors with post-COVID pain. A network analysis was conducted to quantify the adjusted correlations between the modelled variables, and to assess their centrality indices (i.e., the connectivity with other symptoms in the network and the importance in the system modelled as network). The network revealed associations between sensory-related and psychological/cognitive variables. PainDETECT was associated with S-LANSS ([Formula: see text]: 0.388) and CSI ([Formula: see text]: 0.207). Further, CSI was associated with HADS-A ([Formula: see text]: 0.269), TSK-11 ([Formula: see text]: 0.165) and female gender ([Formula: see text]: 0.413). As expected, HADS-A was associated with HADS-D ([Formula: see text]: 0.598) and TSK-11 with PCS ([Formula: see text]: 0.405). The only negative association was between sleep quality and EQ-5D-5L ([Formula: see text]: −0.162). Gender was the node showing the highest strength, closeness, and betweenness centralities. In addition, CSI was the node with the second highest closeness and betweenness centralities, whereas HADS-D was the node with the second highest strength centrality. This is the first study applying a network analysis for phenotyping post-COVID pain. Our findings support a model where sensitization-associated symptoms, neuropathic phenotype, and psychological aspects are connected, reflecting post-COVID pain as a nociplastic pain condition. In addition, post-COVID pain is gender dependent since female sex plays a relevant role. Clinical implications of current findings, e.g., developing treatments targeting these mechanisms, are discussed. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9316513 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-93165132022-07-27 Understanding Sensitization, Cognitive and Neuropathic Associated Mechanisms behind Post-COVID Pain: A Network Analysis Fernández-de-las-Peñas, César Herrero-Montes, Manuel Cancela-Cilleruelo, Ignacio Rodríguez-Jiménez, Jorge Parás-Bravo, Paula Varol, Umut del-Valle-Loarte, Pablo Flox-Benítez, Gema Arendt-Nielsen, Lars Valera-Calero, Juan A. Diagnostics (Basel) Article This study aimed to describe a network including demographic, sensory-related, psychological/cognitive and other variables in individuals with post-COVID pain after hospitalization. Demographic (i.e., age, height, weight, months with symptoms), sensory-related (Central Sensitization Inventory -CSI-, Self-Report Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms -S-LANSS-, PainDETECT), psychological/cognitive (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale -HADS-A/HADS-D-, Pain Catastrophizing Scale -PCS-, Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia -TSK-11-) and other (sleep quality and health-related quality of life -EQ/5D/5L) variables were collected in 146 COVID-19 survivors with post-COVID pain. A network analysis was conducted to quantify the adjusted correlations between the modelled variables, and to assess their centrality indices (i.e., the connectivity with other symptoms in the network and the importance in the system modelled as network). The network revealed associations between sensory-related and psychological/cognitive variables. PainDETECT was associated with S-LANSS ([Formula: see text]: 0.388) and CSI ([Formula: see text]: 0.207). Further, CSI was associated with HADS-A ([Formula: see text]: 0.269), TSK-11 ([Formula: see text]: 0.165) and female gender ([Formula: see text]: 0.413). As expected, HADS-A was associated with HADS-D ([Formula: see text]: 0.598) and TSK-11 with PCS ([Formula: see text]: 0.405). The only negative association was between sleep quality and EQ-5D-5L ([Formula: see text]: −0.162). Gender was the node showing the highest strength, closeness, and betweenness centralities. In addition, CSI was the node with the second highest closeness and betweenness centralities, whereas HADS-D was the node with the second highest strength centrality. This is the first study applying a network analysis for phenotyping post-COVID pain. Our findings support a model where sensitization-associated symptoms, neuropathic phenotype, and psychological aspects are connected, reflecting post-COVID pain as a nociplastic pain condition. In addition, post-COVID pain is gender dependent since female sex plays a relevant role. Clinical implications of current findings, e.g., developing treatments targeting these mechanisms, are discussed. MDPI 2022-06-24 /pmc/articles/PMC9316513/ /pubmed/35885444 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12071538 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Fernández-de-las-Peñas, César Herrero-Montes, Manuel Cancela-Cilleruelo, Ignacio Rodríguez-Jiménez, Jorge Parás-Bravo, Paula Varol, Umut del-Valle-Loarte, Pablo Flox-Benítez, Gema Arendt-Nielsen, Lars Valera-Calero, Juan A. Understanding Sensitization, Cognitive and Neuropathic Associated Mechanisms behind Post-COVID Pain: A Network Analysis |
title | Understanding Sensitization, Cognitive and Neuropathic Associated Mechanisms behind Post-COVID Pain: A Network Analysis |
title_full | Understanding Sensitization, Cognitive and Neuropathic Associated Mechanisms behind Post-COVID Pain: A Network Analysis |
title_fullStr | Understanding Sensitization, Cognitive and Neuropathic Associated Mechanisms behind Post-COVID Pain: A Network Analysis |
title_full_unstemmed | Understanding Sensitization, Cognitive and Neuropathic Associated Mechanisms behind Post-COVID Pain: A Network Analysis |
title_short | Understanding Sensitization, Cognitive and Neuropathic Associated Mechanisms behind Post-COVID Pain: A Network Analysis |
title_sort | understanding sensitization, cognitive and neuropathic associated mechanisms behind post-covid pain: a network analysis |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9316513/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35885444 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12071538 |
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