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A Multiwall Path-Loss Prediction Model Using 433 MHz LoRa-WAN Frequency to Characterize Foliage’s Influence in a Malaysian Palm Oil Plantation Environment
Palm oil is the main cash crop of tropical Asia, and the implementation of LPWAN (low-power wide-area network) technologies for smart agriculture applications in palm oil plantations will benefit the palm oil industry in terms of making more revenue. This research attempts to characterize the LoRa 4...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9317254/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35891077 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22145397 |
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author | Anzum, Rabeya Habaebi, Mohamed Hadi Islam, Md Rafiqul Hakim, Galang P. N. Khandaker, Mayeen Uddin Osman, Hamid Alamri, Sultan AbdElrahim, Elrashed |
author_facet | Anzum, Rabeya Habaebi, Mohamed Hadi Islam, Md Rafiqul Hakim, Galang P. N. Khandaker, Mayeen Uddin Osman, Hamid Alamri, Sultan AbdElrahim, Elrashed |
author_sort | Anzum, Rabeya |
collection | PubMed |
description | Palm oil is the main cash crop of tropical Asia, and the implementation of LPWAN (low-power wide-area network) technologies for smart agriculture applications in palm oil plantations will benefit the palm oil industry in terms of making more revenue. This research attempts to characterize the LoRa 433 MHz frequency channels for the available spreading factors (SF7-SF12) and bandwidths (125 kHz, 250 kHz, and 500 kHz) for wireless sensor networks. The LoRa channel modeling in terms of path-loss calculation uses empirical measurements of RSS (received signal strength) in a palm oil plantation located in Selangor, Malaysia. In this research, about 1500 LoS (line-of-sight) and 300 NLoS (non-line-of-sight) propagation measurement data are collected for path-loss prediction modeling. Using the empirical data, a prediction model is constructed. The path-loss exponent for LoS propagation of the proposed prediction model is found to be 2.34 and 2.9 for 125–250 kHz bandwidth and 500 kHz bandwidth, respectively. Again, for the NLoS propagation links, the attenuation per trunk is found to be 7.58 dB, 7.04 dB, 5.35 dB, 5.02 dB, 5.01 dB, and 5 dB for SF7-SF12, and the attenuation per canopy is found to be 9.32 dB, 7.96 dB, 6.2 dB, 5.89 dB, 5.79 dB, and 5.45 dB for SF7-SF12. Moreover, the prediction model is found to be the better choice (mean RMSE 2.74 dB) in comparison to the empirical foliage loss models (Weissberger’s and ITU-R) to predict the path loss in palm oil plantations. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9317254 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-93172542022-07-27 A Multiwall Path-Loss Prediction Model Using 433 MHz LoRa-WAN Frequency to Characterize Foliage’s Influence in a Malaysian Palm Oil Plantation Environment Anzum, Rabeya Habaebi, Mohamed Hadi Islam, Md Rafiqul Hakim, Galang P. N. Khandaker, Mayeen Uddin Osman, Hamid Alamri, Sultan AbdElrahim, Elrashed Sensors (Basel) Article Palm oil is the main cash crop of tropical Asia, and the implementation of LPWAN (low-power wide-area network) technologies for smart agriculture applications in palm oil plantations will benefit the palm oil industry in terms of making more revenue. This research attempts to characterize the LoRa 433 MHz frequency channels for the available spreading factors (SF7-SF12) and bandwidths (125 kHz, 250 kHz, and 500 kHz) for wireless sensor networks. The LoRa channel modeling in terms of path-loss calculation uses empirical measurements of RSS (received signal strength) in a palm oil plantation located in Selangor, Malaysia. In this research, about 1500 LoS (line-of-sight) and 300 NLoS (non-line-of-sight) propagation measurement data are collected for path-loss prediction modeling. Using the empirical data, a prediction model is constructed. The path-loss exponent for LoS propagation of the proposed prediction model is found to be 2.34 and 2.9 for 125–250 kHz bandwidth and 500 kHz bandwidth, respectively. Again, for the NLoS propagation links, the attenuation per trunk is found to be 7.58 dB, 7.04 dB, 5.35 dB, 5.02 dB, 5.01 dB, and 5 dB for SF7-SF12, and the attenuation per canopy is found to be 9.32 dB, 7.96 dB, 6.2 dB, 5.89 dB, 5.79 dB, and 5.45 dB for SF7-SF12. Moreover, the prediction model is found to be the better choice (mean RMSE 2.74 dB) in comparison to the empirical foliage loss models (Weissberger’s and ITU-R) to predict the path loss in palm oil plantations. MDPI 2022-07-20 /pmc/articles/PMC9317254/ /pubmed/35891077 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22145397 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Anzum, Rabeya Habaebi, Mohamed Hadi Islam, Md Rafiqul Hakim, Galang P. N. Khandaker, Mayeen Uddin Osman, Hamid Alamri, Sultan AbdElrahim, Elrashed A Multiwall Path-Loss Prediction Model Using 433 MHz LoRa-WAN Frequency to Characterize Foliage’s Influence in a Malaysian Palm Oil Plantation Environment |
title | A Multiwall Path-Loss Prediction Model Using 433 MHz LoRa-WAN Frequency to Characterize Foliage’s Influence in a Malaysian Palm Oil Plantation Environment |
title_full | A Multiwall Path-Loss Prediction Model Using 433 MHz LoRa-WAN Frequency to Characterize Foliage’s Influence in a Malaysian Palm Oil Plantation Environment |
title_fullStr | A Multiwall Path-Loss Prediction Model Using 433 MHz LoRa-WAN Frequency to Characterize Foliage’s Influence in a Malaysian Palm Oil Plantation Environment |
title_full_unstemmed | A Multiwall Path-Loss Prediction Model Using 433 MHz LoRa-WAN Frequency to Characterize Foliage’s Influence in a Malaysian Palm Oil Plantation Environment |
title_short | A Multiwall Path-Loss Prediction Model Using 433 MHz LoRa-WAN Frequency to Characterize Foliage’s Influence in a Malaysian Palm Oil Plantation Environment |
title_sort | multiwall path-loss prediction model using 433 mhz lora-wan frequency to characterize foliage’s influence in a malaysian palm oil plantation environment |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9317254/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35891077 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22145397 |
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