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Identification of RNA Markers in Red Blood Cells for Doping Control in Autologous Blood Transfusion
The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) has prohibited the use of autologous blood transfusion (ABT) as a doping method by athletes. It is difficult to detect this doping method in laboratory tests, and a robust testing method has not yet been established. We conducted an animal experiment and used tota...
Autores principales: | , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9317427/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35886040 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13071255 |
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author | Sugasawa, Takehito Kanki, Yasuharu Komine, Ritsuko Watanabe, Koichi Takekoshi, Kazuhiro |
author_facet | Sugasawa, Takehito Kanki, Yasuharu Komine, Ritsuko Watanabe, Koichi Takekoshi, Kazuhiro |
author_sort | Sugasawa, Takehito |
collection | PubMed |
description | The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) has prohibited the use of autologous blood transfusion (ABT) as a doping method by athletes. It is difficult to detect this doping method in laboratory tests, and a robust testing method has not yet been established. We conducted an animal experiment and used total RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) to identify novel RNA markers to detect ABT doping within red blood cells (RBCs) as a pilot study before human trials. This study used whole blood samples from Wistar rats. The whole blood samples were mixed with a citrate–phosphate–dextrose solution with adenine (CPDA) and then stored in a refrigerator at 4 °C for 0 (control), 10, or 20 days. After each storage period, total RNA-Seq and bioinformatics were performed following RNA extraction and the purification of the RBCs. In the results, clear patterns of expression fluctuations were observed depending on the storage period, and it was found that there were large numbers of genes whose expression decreased in the 10- and 20-day periods compared to the control. Moreover, additional bioinformatic analysis identified three significant genes whose expression levels were drastically decreased according to the storage period. These results provide novel insights that may allow future studies to develop a testing method for ABT doping. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9317427 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-93174272022-07-27 Identification of RNA Markers in Red Blood Cells for Doping Control in Autologous Blood Transfusion Sugasawa, Takehito Kanki, Yasuharu Komine, Ritsuko Watanabe, Koichi Takekoshi, Kazuhiro Genes (Basel) Article The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) has prohibited the use of autologous blood transfusion (ABT) as a doping method by athletes. It is difficult to detect this doping method in laboratory tests, and a robust testing method has not yet been established. We conducted an animal experiment and used total RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) to identify novel RNA markers to detect ABT doping within red blood cells (RBCs) as a pilot study before human trials. This study used whole blood samples from Wistar rats. The whole blood samples were mixed with a citrate–phosphate–dextrose solution with adenine (CPDA) and then stored in a refrigerator at 4 °C for 0 (control), 10, or 20 days. After each storage period, total RNA-Seq and bioinformatics were performed following RNA extraction and the purification of the RBCs. In the results, clear patterns of expression fluctuations were observed depending on the storage period, and it was found that there were large numbers of genes whose expression decreased in the 10- and 20-day periods compared to the control. Moreover, additional bioinformatic analysis identified three significant genes whose expression levels were drastically decreased according to the storage period. These results provide novel insights that may allow future studies to develop a testing method for ABT doping. MDPI 2022-07-15 /pmc/articles/PMC9317427/ /pubmed/35886040 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13071255 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Sugasawa, Takehito Kanki, Yasuharu Komine, Ritsuko Watanabe, Koichi Takekoshi, Kazuhiro Identification of RNA Markers in Red Blood Cells for Doping Control in Autologous Blood Transfusion |
title | Identification of RNA Markers in Red Blood Cells for Doping Control in Autologous Blood Transfusion |
title_full | Identification of RNA Markers in Red Blood Cells for Doping Control in Autologous Blood Transfusion |
title_fullStr | Identification of RNA Markers in Red Blood Cells for Doping Control in Autologous Blood Transfusion |
title_full_unstemmed | Identification of RNA Markers in Red Blood Cells for Doping Control in Autologous Blood Transfusion |
title_short | Identification of RNA Markers in Red Blood Cells for Doping Control in Autologous Blood Transfusion |
title_sort | identification of rna markers in red blood cells for doping control in autologous blood transfusion |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9317427/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35886040 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13071255 |
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