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Developmental Toxic Effects of Thiram on Developing Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Embryos
Thiram, an oxidized dimer of dithiocarbamate, has fungicidal and ectoparasiticidal roles. This study aimed to determine the effects of thiram on the development of zebrafish (ZF) embryos. The developmental toxicity test was performed in accordance with the OECD 236 test guidelines, and ZF embryos we...
Autores principales: | , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9317679/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35878274 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10070369 |
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author | Vasamsetti, Bala Murali Krishna Chon, Kyongmi Kim, Juyeong Oh, Jin-A Yoon, Chang-Young Park, Hong-Hyun |
author_facet | Vasamsetti, Bala Murali Krishna Chon, Kyongmi Kim, Juyeong Oh, Jin-A Yoon, Chang-Young Park, Hong-Hyun |
author_sort | Vasamsetti, Bala Murali Krishna |
collection | PubMed |
description | Thiram, an oxidized dimer of dithiocarbamate, has fungicidal and ectoparasiticidal roles. This study aimed to determine the effects of thiram on the development of zebrafish (ZF) embryos. The developmental toxicity test was performed in accordance with the OECD 236 test guidelines, and ZF embryos were subjected to several thiram concentrations and a DMSO (0.01%) control. Subsequently, embryo mortalities and developmental anomalies were evaluated at different hours post fertilization (hpf). Thiram was highly toxic to ZF, with calculated median lethal concentrations (LC(50)) of thiram at 48 and 96 h as 13.10 ± 2.17 and 8.87 ± 2.09 μg/L, respectively. Thiram-treated embryos/larvae exhibited a variety of deformities, such as abnormal somites, reduced eye pigment, abnormal tail shape, yolk sac edema, hatching defects, and curved spines, with a median effective concentration (EC(50)) of 3.88 ± 1.23, 5.04 ± 1.82, 6.23 ± 0.92, 5.24 ± 2.22, 1.39 ± 0.25, and 2.60 ± 0.82 μg/L, respectively. Teratogenic index (TI) values ranged from 1.42 to 6.66 for the scored deformities. At 48 hpf, the average heartbeat of the control group was 177.20 ± 5.63 per minute, while the highest thiram-treated group (40 μg/L) was 99.50 ± 18.12 per minute. In addition, cardiac-related issues, such as pericardial edema and abnormal blood flow, were observed in thiram-treated ZF embryos. Overall, these findings suggest that thiram is teratogenic to ZF. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9317679 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-93176792022-07-27 Developmental Toxic Effects of Thiram on Developing Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Embryos Vasamsetti, Bala Murali Krishna Chon, Kyongmi Kim, Juyeong Oh, Jin-A Yoon, Chang-Young Park, Hong-Hyun Toxics Article Thiram, an oxidized dimer of dithiocarbamate, has fungicidal and ectoparasiticidal roles. This study aimed to determine the effects of thiram on the development of zebrafish (ZF) embryos. The developmental toxicity test was performed in accordance with the OECD 236 test guidelines, and ZF embryos were subjected to several thiram concentrations and a DMSO (0.01%) control. Subsequently, embryo mortalities and developmental anomalies were evaluated at different hours post fertilization (hpf). Thiram was highly toxic to ZF, with calculated median lethal concentrations (LC(50)) of thiram at 48 and 96 h as 13.10 ± 2.17 and 8.87 ± 2.09 μg/L, respectively. Thiram-treated embryos/larvae exhibited a variety of deformities, such as abnormal somites, reduced eye pigment, abnormal tail shape, yolk sac edema, hatching defects, and curved spines, with a median effective concentration (EC(50)) of 3.88 ± 1.23, 5.04 ± 1.82, 6.23 ± 0.92, 5.24 ± 2.22, 1.39 ± 0.25, and 2.60 ± 0.82 μg/L, respectively. Teratogenic index (TI) values ranged from 1.42 to 6.66 for the scored deformities. At 48 hpf, the average heartbeat of the control group was 177.20 ± 5.63 per minute, while the highest thiram-treated group (40 μg/L) was 99.50 ± 18.12 per minute. In addition, cardiac-related issues, such as pericardial edema and abnormal blood flow, were observed in thiram-treated ZF embryos. Overall, these findings suggest that thiram is teratogenic to ZF. MDPI 2022-07-04 /pmc/articles/PMC9317679/ /pubmed/35878274 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10070369 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Vasamsetti, Bala Murali Krishna Chon, Kyongmi Kim, Juyeong Oh, Jin-A Yoon, Chang-Young Park, Hong-Hyun Developmental Toxic Effects of Thiram on Developing Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Embryos |
title | Developmental Toxic Effects of Thiram on Developing Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Embryos |
title_full | Developmental Toxic Effects of Thiram on Developing Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Embryos |
title_fullStr | Developmental Toxic Effects of Thiram on Developing Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Embryos |
title_full_unstemmed | Developmental Toxic Effects of Thiram on Developing Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Embryos |
title_short | Developmental Toxic Effects of Thiram on Developing Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Embryos |
title_sort | developmental toxic effects of thiram on developing zebrafish (danio rerio) embryos |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9317679/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35878274 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10070369 |
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