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The Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Risk Continuum from Prenatal Life to Adulthood: A Literature Review
The risk of developing cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) arises from the interaction of prenatal factors; epigenetic regulation; neonatal factors; and factors that affect childhood and adolescence, such as early adiposity rebound (AR) and social and environmental influences. Thus, CVD risk varies betwe...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9317926/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35886134 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148282 |
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author | Faienza, Maria Felicia Urbano, Flavia Lassandro, Giuseppe Valente, Federica D’Amato, Gabriele Portincasa, Piero Giordano, Paola |
author_facet | Faienza, Maria Felicia Urbano, Flavia Lassandro, Giuseppe Valente, Federica D’Amato, Gabriele Portincasa, Piero Giordano, Paola |
author_sort | Faienza, Maria Felicia |
collection | PubMed |
description | The risk of developing cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) arises from the interaction of prenatal factors; epigenetic regulation; neonatal factors; and factors that affect childhood and adolescence, such as early adiposity rebound (AR) and social and environmental influences. Thus, CVD risk varies between the group of low-risk metabolically healthy normal-weight subjects (MHNW); the intermediate-risk group, which includes metabolically healthy obese (MHO) and metabolically unhealthy normal-weight subjects (MUHNW); and the high-risk group of metabolically unhealthy obese (MUHO) subjects. In this continuum, several risk factors come into play and contribute to endothelial damage, vascular and myocardial remodeling, and atherosclerotic processes. These pathologies can occur both in prenatal life and in early childhood and contribute to significantly increasing CVD risk in young adults over time. Early intervention in the pediatric MUHO population to reduce the CVD risk during adulthood remains a challenge. In this review, we focus on CVD risk factors arising at different stages of life by performing a search of the recent literature. It is urgent to focus on preventive or early therapeutic strategies to stop this disturbing negative metabolic trend, which manifests as a continuum from prenatal life to adulthood. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9317926 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-93179262022-07-27 The Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Risk Continuum from Prenatal Life to Adulthood: A Literature Review Faienza, Maria Felicia Urbano, Flavia Lassandro, Giuseppe Valente, Federica D’Amato, Gabriele Portincasa, Piero Giordano, Paola Int J Environ Res Public Health Review The risk of developing cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) arises from the interaction of prenatal factors; epigenetic regulation; neonatal factors; and factors that affect childhood and adolescence, such as early adiposity rebound (AR) and social and environmental influences. Thus, CVD risk varies between the group of low-risk metabolically healthy normal-weight subjects (MHNW); the intermediate-risk group, which includes metabolically healthy obese (MHO) and metabolically unhealthy normal-weight subjects (MUHNW); and the high-risk group of metabolically unhealthy obese (MUHO) subjects. In this continuum, several risk factors come into play and contribute to endothelial damage, vascular and myocardial remodeling, and atherosclerotic processes. These pathologies can occur both in prenatal life and in early childhood and contribute to significantly increasing CVD risk in young adults over time. Early intervention in the pediatric MUHO population to reduce the CVD risk during adulthood remains a challenge. In this review, we focus on CVD risk factors arising at different stages of life by performing a search of the recent literature. It is urgent to focus on preventive or early therapeutic strategies to stop this disturbing negative metabolic trend, which manifests as a continuum from prenatal life to adulthood. MDPI 2022-07-07 /pmc/articles/PMC9317926/ /pubmed/35886134 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148282 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Faienza, Maria Felicia Urbano, Flavia Lassandro, Giuseppe Valente, Federica D’Amato, Gabriele Portincasa, Piero Giordano, Paola The Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Risk Continuum from Prenatal Life to Adulthood: A Literature Review |
title | The Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Risk Continuum from Prenatal Life to Adulthood: A Literature Review |
title_full | The Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Risk Continuum from Prenatal Life to Adulthood: A Literature Review |
title_fullStr | The Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Risk Continuum from Prenatal Life to Adulthood: A Literature Review |
title_full_unstemmed | The Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Risk Continuum from Prenatal Life to Adulthood: A Literature Review |
title_short | The Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Risk Continuum from Prenatal Life to Adulthood: A Literature Review |
title_sort | cardiovascular disease (cvd) risk continuum from prenatal life to adulthood: a literature review |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9317926/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35886134 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148282 |
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