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Primary School Pupils: Unequal GMC Developmental Pathways in a Single School Year

Gross motor coordination (GMC) is essential for the development of specific motor skills and long-term participation in physical activities and sports. Group analysis reveals that, on average, children develop these skills gradually; however, how individuals develop GMC is less clear. The main aim o...

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Autores principales: de Niet, Mark, Wetzels, Veerle M. A., Pion, Johan, Faber, Irene R., Platvoet, Sebastiaan W. J., Elferink-Gemser, Marije T.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9319405/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35883949
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children9070964
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author de Niet, Mark
Wetzels, Veerle M. A.
Pion, Johan
Faber, Irene R.
Platvoet, Sebastiaan W. J.
Elferink-Gemser, Marije T.
author_facet de Niet, Mark
Wetzels, Veerle M. A.
Pion, Johan
Faber, Irene R.
Platvoet, Sebastiaan W. J.
Elferink-Gemser, Marije T.
author_sort de Niet, Mark
collection PubMed
description Gross motor coordination (GMC) is essential for the development of specific motor skills and long-term participation in physical activities and sports. Group analysis reveals that, on average, children develop these skills gradually; however, how individuals develop GMC is less clear. The main aim of this study is to increase the understanding of developmental patterns within one school year, and whether children’s grade, gender, or baseline GMC proficiency are associated with these developmental patterns. In total, 2594 Dutch children aged 6–12 years performed the modified Körper Koordinations Test für Kinder (KTK3+) twice in one school year (autumn and spring). The KTK3+ includes four subtests: walking backwards, moving sideways, jumping sideways, and eye-hand coordination (EHC) test. On average, children developed significantly on all subtests (p < 0.001). At baseline, children in higher grades scored significantly higher than children in lower grades, and children in grades 5 and 6 (age 9 and 10 years) showed most development (raw scores on average, p < 0.001). Boys outperformed girls on EHC across all grades, whereas girls outperformed boys on walking backwards. Nevertheless, both boys and girls developed similarly. Children with lower scores at baseline developed more quickly across all grades. Noteworthy is that 12.1–24% (depending on the test item) of the children scored lower in the spring than in the autumn tests. On average, children develop their GMC; however, we report large differences in their individual trajectories and note that a substantial number did not show a positive GMC development. Further research should examine GMC development with more possible influencing factors as well as over a longer time span to better understand differences in children’s GMC development. This may result in more individualized programs in PE lessons, enabling children to optimally develop their GMC, and better use of GMC assessment tools to monitor children’s development.
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spelling pubmed-93194052022-07-27 Primary School Pupils: Unequal GMC Developmental Pathways in a Single School Year de Niet, Mark Wetzels, Veerle M. A. Pion, Johan Faber, Irene R. Platvoet, Sebastiaan W. J. Elferink-Gemser, Marije T. Children (Basel) Article Gross motor coordination (GMC) is essential for the development of specific motor skills and long-term participation in physical activities and sports. Group analysis reveals that, on average, children develop these skills gradually; however, how individuals develop GMC is less clear. The main aim of this study is to increase the understanding of developmental patterns within one school year, and whether children’s grade, gender, or baseline GMC proficiency are associated with these developmental patterns. In total, 2594 Dutch children aged 6–12 years performed the modified Körper Koordinations Test für Kinder (KTK3+) twice in one school year (autumn and spring). The KTK3+ includes four subtests: walking backwards, moving sideways, jumping sideways, and eye-hand coordination (EHC) test. On average, children developed significantly on all subtests (p < 0.001). At baseline, children in higher grades scored significantly higher than children in lower grades, and children in grades 5 and 6 (age 9 and 10 years) showed most development (raw scores on average, p < 0.001). Boys outperformed girls on EHC across all grades, whereas girls outperformed boys on walking backwards. Nevertheless, both boys and girls developed similarly. Children with lower scores at baseline developed more quickly across all grades. Noteworthy is that 12.1–24% (depending on the test item) of the children scored lower in the spring than in the autumn tests. On average, children develop their GMC; however, we report large differences in their individual trajectories and note that a substantial number did not show a positive GMC development. Further research should examine GMC development with more possible influencing factors as well as over a longer time span to better understand differences in children’s GMC development. This may result in more individualized programs in PE lessons, enabling children to optimally develop their GMC, and better use of GMC assessment tools to monitor children’s development. MDPI 2022-06-28 /pmc/articles/PMC9319405/ /pubmed/35883949 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children9070964 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
de Niet, Mark
Wetzels, Veerle M. A.
Pion, Johan
Faber, Irene R.
Platvoet, Sebastiaan W. J.
Elferink-Gemser, Marije T.
Primary School Pupils: Unequal GMC Developmental Pathways in a Single School Year
title Primary School Pupils: Unequal GMC Developmental Pathways in a Single School Year
title_full Primary School Pupils: Unequal GMC Developmental Pathways in a Single School Year
title_fullStr Primary School Pupils: Unequal GMC Developmental Pathways in a Single School Year
title_full_unstemmed Primary School Pupils: Unequal GMC Developmental Pathways in a Single School Year
title_short Primary School Pupils: Unequal GMC Developmental Pathways in a Single School Year
title_sort primary school pupils: unequal gmc developmental pathways in a single school year
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9319405/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35883949
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children9070964
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