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Deformed Mediated Larval Incisor Lobe Development Causes Differing Feeding Behavior between Oriental Armyworm and Fall Armyworm

SIMPLE SUMMARY: Hox gene Deformed (Dfd) is important for head appendages, but its function in incisor lobe development is not clear. The different development pattern of incisor lobes resulted in different feeding patterns between oriental armyworm and fall armyworm in maize. The first to sixth inst...

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Autores principales: Zhao, Hailong, Zhu, Zeng, Xing, Gaoliang, Li, Yiyu, Zhou, Xue, Wang, Jingjing, Li, Guiting, Cao, Haiqun, Huang, Yong
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9320430/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35886770
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13070594
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author Zhao, Hailong
Zhu, Zeng
Xing, Gaoliang
Li, Yiyu
Zhou, Xue
Wang, Jingjing
Li, Guiting
Cao, Haiqun
Huang, Yong
author_facet Zhao, Hailong
Zhu, Zeng
Xing, Gaoliang
Li, Yiyu
Zhou, Xue
Wang, Jingjing
Li, Guiting
Cao, Haiqun
Huang, Yong
author_sort Zhao, Hailong
collection PubMed
description SIMPLE SUMMARY: Hox gene Deformed (Dfd) is important for head appendages, but its function in incisor lobe development is not clear. The different development pattern of incisor lobes resulted in different feeding patterns between oriental armyworm and fall armyworm in maize. The first to sixth instar S. frugiperda have sharp incisor lobes, but older instars of M. separata have no incisor lobes. Knockdown of MsDfd resulted in malformed mandibles with no incisor lobe in M. separata, making the larvae unable to perform window-feeding. However, RNAi of SfDfd did not affect the mandibles and window-feeding pattern of S. frugiperda. Moreover, the mortality of the new first instar M. separata increased after feeding with dsMsDfd but did not for S. frugiperda fed dsSfDfd. The results reveal that Dfd mediated the larval mandibular incisor lobe morphology, affecting its feeding pattern in M. separata. ABSTRACT: Mandibular incisor lobes are important for insect feeding behavior, living habits and niche. However, the molecular regulation of insect incisor lobe development remains unknown. In this study, we found that two maize pests, oriental armyworm Mythimna separata and fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda, have different feeding patterns in maize, which are closely associated with the different development patterns of their incisor lobes. Different from first to sixth instar S. frugiperda, which feed on leaf tissues and whorls with sharp incisor lobes, older instars of M. separata feed from leaf margins with no incisor lobes. Hox gene Deformed (Dfd) is important for head appendages, but its function in incisor lobe development is not clear. Here, Dfds were identified from two armyworm species, and both were expressed highly in heads and eggs. Interestingly, the expression levels of MsDfd were relatively high in larval mandibles and decreased dramatically from fourth-instar mandibles in M. separata. Knockdown of MsDfd resulted in malformed mandibles with no incisor lobe in M. separata, making the larvae unable to perform window-feeding. However, RNAi of SfDfd did not affect the mandibles and window-feeding pattern of S. frugiperda, indicating the different roles of Dfd in these two species. Moreover, the mortality of new first instar M. separata increased after feeding dsMsDfd but did not for S. frugiperda feeding dsSfDfd. These findings revealed that Dfd mediated the larval mandibular incisor lobe morphology, affecting its feeding pattern in M. separata, broadening the knowledge of Dfd functions in insect mandibles and feeding behavior.
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spelling pubmed-93204302022-07-27 Deformed Mediated Larval Incisor Lobe Development Causes Differing Feeding Behavior between Oriental Armyworm and Fall Armyworm Zhao, Hailong Zhu, Zeng Xing, Gaoliang Li, Yiyu Zhou, Xue Wang, Jingjing Li, Guiting Cao, Haiqun Huang, Yong Insects Article SIMPLE SUMMARY: Hox gene Deformed (Dfd) is important for head appendages, but its function in incisor lobe development is not clear. The different development pattern of incisor lobes resulted in different feeding patterns between oriental armyworm and fall armyworm in maize. The first to sixth instar S. frugiperda have sharp incisor lobes, but older instars of M. separata have no incisor lobes. Knockdown of MsDfd resulted in malformed mandibles with no incisor lobe in M. separata, making the larvae unable to perform window-feeding. However, RNAi of SfDfd did not affect the mandibles and window-feeding pattern of S. frugiperda. Moreover, the mortality of the new first instar M. separata increased after feeding with dsMsDfd but did not for S. frugiperda fed dsSfDfd. The results reveal that Dfd mediated the larval mandibular incisor lobe morphology, affecting its feeding pattern in M. separata. ABSTRACT: Mandibular incisor lobes are important for insect feeding behavior, living habits and niche. However, the molecular regulation of insect incisor lobe development remains unknown. In this study, we found that two maize pests, oriental armyworm Mythimna separata and fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda, have different feeding patterns in maize, which are closely associated with the different development patterns of their incisor lobes. Different from first to sixth instar S. frugiperda, which feed on leaf tissues and whorls with sharp incisor lobes, older instars of M. separata feed from leaf margins with no incisor lobes. Hox gene Deformed (Dfd) is important for head appendages, but its function in incisor lobe development is not clear. Here, Dfds were identified from two armyworm species, and both were expressed highly in heads and eggs. Interestingly, the expression levels of MsDfd were relatively high in larval mandibles and decreased dramatically from fourth-instar mandibles in M. separata. Knockdown of MsDfd resulted in malformed mandibles with no incisor lobe in M. separata, making the larvae unable to perform window-feeding. However, RNAi of SfDfd did not affect the mandibles and window-feeding pattern of S. frugiperda, indicating the different roles of Dfd in these two species. Moreover, the mortality of new first instar M. separata increased after feeding dsMsDfd but did not for S. frugiperda feeding dsSfDfd. These findings revealed that Dfd mediated the larval mandibular incisor lobe morphology, affecting its feeding pattern in M. separata, broadening the knowledge of Dfd functions in insect mandibles and feeding behavior. MDPI 2022-06-29 /pmc/articles/PMC9320430/ /pubmed/35886770 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13070594 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Zhao, Hailong
Zhu, Zeng
Xing, Gaoliang
Li, Yiyu
Zhou, Xue
Wang, Jingjing
Li, Guiting
Cao, Haiqun
Huang, Yong
Deformed Mediated Larval Incisor Lobe Development Causes Differing Feeding Behavior between Oriental Armyworm and Fall Armyworm
title Deformed Mediated Larval Incisor Lobe Development Causes Differing Feeding Behavior between Oriental Armyworm and Fall Armyworm
title_full Deformed Mediated Larval Incisor Lobe Development Causes Differing Feeding Behavior between Oriental Armyworm and Fall Armyworm
title_fullStr Deformed Mediated Larval Incisor Lobe Development Causes Differing Feeding Behavior between Oriental Armyworm and Fall Armyworm
title_full_unstemmed Deformed Mediated Larval Incisor Lobe Development Causes Differing Feeding Behavior between Oriental Armyworm and Fall Armyworm
title_short Deformed Mediated Larval Incisor Lobe Development Causes Differing Feeding Behavior between Oriental Armyworm and Fall Armyworm
title_sort deformed mediated larval incisor lobe development causes differing feeding behavior between oriental armyworm and fall armyworm
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9320430/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35886770
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13070594
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