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Development and Evaluation of Orthographic Knowledge Awareness Scale for Children Aged 6–12 Years

OBJECTIVE: This study primarily aimed to develop an orthographic knowledge awareness scale in Mandarin for children aged 6–12 years. Related factors affecting orthographic knowledge awareness in children were analyzed, and a basis for individualized intervention was provided to improve reading and w...

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Autores principales: Xie, Yachun, Xu, Qu, Liu, Liying, Yao, Mengmeng, Liu, Panting, Tong, Meiling, Hong, Qin, Chi, Xia
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9321786/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35903734
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.874891
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author Xie, Yachun
Xu, Qu
Liu, Liying
Yao, Mengmeng
Liu, Panting
Tong, Meiling
Hong, Qin
Chi, Xia
author_facet Xie, Yachun
Xu, Qu
Liu, Liying
Yao, Mengmeng
Liu, Panting
Tong, Meiling
Hong, Qin
Chi, Xia
author_sort Xie, Yachun
collection PubMed
description OBJECTIVE: This study primarily aimed to develop an orthographic knowledge awareness scale in Mandarin for children aged 6–12 years. Related factors affecting orthographic knowledge awareness in children were analyzed, and a basis for individualized intervention was provided to improve reading and writing. METHODS: A conceptual framework for orthographic knowledge awareness in children aged 6–12 years was determined through a detailed reading of the literature on Chinese character orthography, combined with qualitative interviews of the target population and consultation with experts. The orthographic knowledge awareness scale initially consisted of three versions: for grades 1–2 (210 items), grades 3–4 (207 items), and grades 5–6 (220 items), accumulating a total of 637 items. The initial scale was then used for the study involving children aged 6–12 years in Maanshan City, Jiangsu Province. Various approaches to screening items were comprehensively used to determine the formal version of the orthographic knowledge awareness scale. The official scale was ultimately used to conduct the third round of surveys among 1,354 children aged 6–12 years in ordinary primary schools located in 5 cities in Jiangsu Province, namely, Changzhou, Lianyungang, Nantong, Xuzhou, and Yangzhou. The reliability, validity, and discriminating power of the formal scale were evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 360 items were included in the formal version of the orthographic knowledge awareness scale. The formal scale was divided into three versions for grades 1–2, 3–4, and 5–6. Each grade version consisted of 120 items. The scale was composed of the stroke awareness test, radical awareness test, and left–right reversal test. The cumulative variance contribution rates of grades 1–2, 3–4, and 5–6 were 82.47, 61.71, and 64.19%, respectively. The Cronbach's α coefficients of the three-grade version of the scale were 0.989, 0.946, and 0.938; the split-half reliability coefficients were 0.925, 0.766, and 0.847; and the test–retest reliability coefficients were 0.847, 0.895, and 0.8928, respectively. CONCLUSION: The proposed orthographic knowledge awareness scale for children aged 6–12 years exhibits good reliability and validity. The formal scale consisted of two dimensions: identification of left–right reversal at the stroke and radical levels and the left–right reversal at the whole character level. The two dimensions can more comprehensively reflect the ability of children to discriminate orthographic structures.
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spelling pubmed-93217862022-07-27 Development and Evaluation of Orthographic Knowledge Awareness Scale for Children Aged 6–12 Years Xie, Yachun Xu, Qu Liu, Liying Yao, Mengmeng Liu, Panting Tong, Meiling Hong, Qin Chi, Xia Front Psychol Psychology OBJECTIVE: This study primarily aimed to develop an orthographic knowledge awareness scale in Mandarin for children aged 6–12 years. Related factors affecting orthographic knowledge awareness in children were analyzed, and a basis for individualized intervention was provided to improve reading and writing. METHODS: A conceptual framework for orthographic knowledge awareness in children aged 6–12 years was determined through a detailed reading of the literature on Chinese character orthography, combined with qualitative interviews of the target population and consultation with experts. The orthographic knowledge awareness scale initially consisted of three versions: for grades 1–2 (210 items), grades 3–4 (207 items), and grades 5–6 (220 items), accumulating a total of 637 items. The initial scale was then used for the study involving children aged 6–12 years in Maanshan City, Jiangsu Province. Various approaches to screening items were comprehensively used to determine the formal version of the orthographic knowledge awareness scale. The official scale was ultimately used to conduct the third round of surveys among 1,354 children aged 6–12 years in ordinary primary schools located in 5 cities in Jiangsu Province, namely, Changzhou, Lianyungang, Nantong, Xuzhou, and Yangzhou. The reliability, validity, and discriminating power of the formal scale were evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 360 items were included in the formal version of the orthographic knowledge awareness scale. The formal scale was divided into three versions for grades 1–2, 3–4, and 5–6. Each grade version consisted of 120 items. The scale was composed of the stroke awareness test, radical awareness test, and left–right reversal test. The cumulative variance contribution rates of grades 1–2, 3–4, and 5–6 were 82.47, 61.71, and 64.19%, respectively. The Cronbach's α coefficients of the three-grade version of the scale were 0.989, 0.946, and 0.938; the split-half reliability coefficients were 0.925, 0.766, and 0.847; and the test–retest reliability coefficients were 0.847, 0.895, and 0.8928, respectively. CONCLUSION: The proposed orthographic knowledge awareness scale for children aged 6–12 years exhibits good reliability and validity. The formal scale consisted of two dimensions: identification of left–right reversal at the stroke and radical levels and the left–right reversal at the whole character level. The two dimensions can more comprehensively reflect the ability of children to discriminate orthographic structures. Frontiers Media S.A. 2022-07-12 /pmc/articles/PMC9321786/ /pubmed/35903734 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.874891 Text en Copyright © 2022 Xie, Xu, Liu, Yao, Liu, Tong, Hong and Chi. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Psychology
Xie, Yachun
Xu, Qu
Liu, Liying
Yao, Mengmeng
Liu, Panting
Tong, Meiling
Hong, Qin
Chi, Xia
Development and Evaluation of Orthographic Knowledge Awareness Scale for Children Aged 6–12 Years
title Development and Evaluation of Orthographic Knowledge Awareness Scale for Children Aged 6–12 Years
title_full Development and Evaluation of Orthographic Knowledge Awareness Scale for Children Aged 6–12 Years
title_fullStr Development and Evaluation of Orthographic Knowledge Awareness Scale for Children Aged 6–12 Years
title_full_unstemmed Development and Evaluation of Orthographic Knowledge Awareness Scale for Children Aged 6–12 Years
title_short Development and Evaluation of Orthographic Knowledge Awareness Scale for Children Aged 6–12 Years
title_sort development and evaluation of orthographic knowledge awareness scale for children aged 6–12 years
topic Psychology
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9321786/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35903734
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.874891
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