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Link between Insulin Resistance and Obesity—From Diagnosis to Treatment
Insulin resistance (IR) has become a common health issue in medical practice. There are no detailed data on IR prevalence, but it is an increasing problem due to its close association with obesity. However, IR is not considered as a separate nosological entity and the diagnostic criteria are not wel...
Autores principales: | , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9321808/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35885586 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12071681 |
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author | Gołacki, Jakub Matuszek, Małgorzata Matyjaszek-Matuszek, Beata |
author_facet | Gołacki, Jakub Matuszek, Małgorzata Matyjaszek-Matuszek, Beata |
author_sort | Gołacki, Jakub |
collection | PubMed |
description | Insulin resistance (IR) has become a common health issue in medical practice. There are no detailed data on IR prevalence, but it is an increasing problem due to its close association with obesity. However, IR is not considered as a separate nosological entity and the diagnostic criteria are not well defined, which leads to overdiagnosis of IR and an inappropriate approach. This review aims to summarize the available literature on IR pathophysiology, its relationship with obesity, as well as diagnostic methods, clinical presentation and treatment. Excessive energy intake results in cell overload that triggers mechanisms to protect cells from further energy accumulation by reducing insulin sensitivity. Additionally, hypertrophied adipocytes and macrophage infiltration causes local inflammation that may result in general inflammation that induces IR. The clinical picture varies from skin lesions (e.g., acanthosis nigricans) to metabolic disorders such as diabetes mellitus or metabolic-associated fatty liver disease. There are numerous IR laboratory markers with varying sensitivities and specificities. Nutrition changes and regular physical activity are crucial for IR management because a reduction in adipose tissue may reverse the inflammatory state and consequently reduce the severity of insulin resistance. In cases of obesity, anti-obesity medications can be used. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9321808 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-93218082022-07-27 Link between Insulin Resistance and Obesity—From Diagnosis to Treatment Gołacki, Jakub Matuszek, Małgorzata Matyjaszek-Matuszek, Beata Diagnostics (Basel) Review Insulin resistance (IR) has become a common health issue in medical practice. There are no detailed data on IR prevalence, but it is an increasing problem due to its close association with obesity. However, IR is not considered as a separate nosological entity and the diagnostic criteria are not well defined, which leads to overdiagnosis of IR and an inappropriate approach. This review aims to summarize the available literature on IR pathophysiology, its relationship with obesity, as well as diagnostic methods, clinical presentation and treatment. Excessive energy intake results in cell overload that triggers mechanisms to protect cells from further energy accumulation by reducing insulin sensitivity. Additionally, hypertrophied adipocytes and macrophage infiltration causes local inflammation that may result in general inflammation that induces IR. The clinical picture varies from skin lesions (e.g., acanthosis nigricans) to metabolic disorders such as diabetes mellitus or metabolic-associated fatty liver disease. There are numerous IR laboratory markers with varying sensitivities and specificities. Nutrition changes and regular physical activity are crucial for IR management because a reduction in adipose tissue may reverse the inflammatory state and consequently reduce the severity of insulin resistance. In cases of obesity, anti-obesity medications can be used. MDPI 2022-07-10 /pmc/articles/PMC9321808/ /pubmed/35885586 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12071681 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Gołacki, Jakub Matuszek, Małgorzata Matyjaszek-Matuszek, Beata Link between Insulin Resistance and Obesity—From Diagnosis to Treatment |
title | Link between Insulin Resistance and Obesity—From Diagnosis to Treatment |
title_full | Link between Insulin Resistance and Obesity—From Diagnosis to Treatment |
title_fullStr | Link between Insulin Resistance and Obesity—From Diagnosis to Treatment |
title_full_unstemmed | Link between Insulin Resistance and Obesity—From Diagnosis to Treatment |
title_short | Link between Insulin Resistance and Obesity—From Diagnosis to Treatment |
title_sort | link between insulin resistance and obesity—from diagnosis to treatment |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9321808/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35885586 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12071681 |
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