Protein interactions in the biological assembly of iron–sulfur clusters in Escherichia coli : Molecular and mechanistic aspects of the earliest assembly steps

This contribution focuses on the earliest steps of the assembly of FeS clusters and their insertion into acceptor apoproteins, that call for transient formation of a 2Fe2S cluster on a scaffold protein from sulfide and iron salts. For the sake of simplicity, this report is essentially limited to the Escherichia coli isc‐encoded proteins and does not take into account agents that modulate the enzymatic synthesis of sulfide by protein in the same operon or the redox events associated with both sulfide generation and conversion of 2Fe2S structures in clusters of higher nuclearity. Therefore, the results discussed here are based on chemical reconstitution systems using inorganic sulfide, ferric salts, and excess thiols. This simplification offers the possibility to address some mechanistic issues related to the role of protein/protein interaction as for modulating: (a) the rate of cluster assembly on scaffold proteins; (b) the stability of the cluster on the scaffold protein; and (c) the rate of transfer to acceptor apoproteins as also influenced by the acceptor concentration. The emerging picture highlights the mechanistic versatility of the systems, that is discussed in terms of the capability of such an apparently simple combination of proteins to cope with various physiological situation. The hypothetical mechanism presented here may represent an additional way of modulating the rate and outcome of the overall process while avoiding potential toxicity issues.