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Evaluation of Bi-Lateral Co-Infections and Antibiotic Resistance Rates among COVID-19 Patients in Lahore, Pakistan

Background and Objective: Bacterial infections are among the major complications of many viral respiratory tract illnesses, such as influenza and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). These bacterial co-infections are associated with an increase in morbidity and mortality rates. The current observati...

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Autores principales: Rizvi, Azka, Saeed, Muhammad Umer, Nadeem, Ayesha, Yaqoob, Asma, Rabaan, Ali A., Bakhrebah, Muhammed A., Al Mutair, Abbas, Alhumaid, Saad, Aljeldah, Mohammed, Al Shammari, Basim R., Albayat, Hawra, Alwashmi, Ameen S. S., Nainu, Firzan, Alhashem, Yousef N., Naveed, Muhammad, Ahmed, Naveed
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9322062/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35888623
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina58070904
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author Rizvi, Azka
Saeed, Muhammad Umer
Nadeem, Ayesha
Yaqoob, Asma
Rabaan, Ali A.
Bakhrebah, Muhammed A.
Al Mutair, Abbas
Alhumaid, Saad
Aljeldah, Mohammed
Al Shammari, Basim R.
Albayat, Hawra
Alwashmi, Ameen S. S.
Nainu, Firzan
Alhashem, Yousef N.
Naveed, Muhammad
Ahmed, Naveed
author_facet Rizvi, Azka
Saeed, Muhammad Umer
Nadeem, Ayesha
Yaqoob, Asma
Rabaan, Ali A.
Bakhrebah, Muhammed A.
Al Mutair, Abbas
Alhumaid, Saad
Aljeldah, Mohammed
Al Shammari, Basim R.
Albayat, Hawra
Alwashmi, Ameen S. S.
Nainu, Firzan
Alhashem, Yousef N.
Naveed, Muhammad
Ahmed, Naveed
author_sort Rizvi, Azka
collection PubMed
description Background and Objective: Bacterial infections are among the major complications of many viral respiratory tract illnesses, such as influenza and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). These bacterial co-infections are associated with an increase in morbidity and mortality rates. The current observational study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in Lahore, Pakistan among COVID-19 patients with the status of oxygen dependency to see the prevalence of bacterial co-infections and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns. Materials and Methods: A total of 1251 clinical samples were collected from already diagnosed COVID-19 patients and tested for bacterial identification (cultures) and susceptibility testing (disk diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration) using gold standard diagnostic methods. Results: From the total collected samples, 234 were found positive for different bacterial isolates. The most common isolated bacteria were Escherichia coli (E. coli) (n = 62) and Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) (n = 47). The E. coli isolates have shown the highest resistance to amoxicillin and ampicillin, while in the case of A. baumannii, the highest resistance was noted against tetracycline. The prevalence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was 14.9%, carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) was 4.5%, and vancomycin resistant Enterococcus (VRE) was 3.96%. Conclusions: The results of the current study conclude that empiric antimicrobial treatment in critically ill COVID-19 patients may be considered if properly managed within institutional or national level antibiotic stewardship programs, because it may play a protective role in the case of bacterial co-infections, especially when a patient has other AMR risk factors, such as hospital admission within the previous six months.
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spelling pubmed-93220622022-07-27 Evaluation of Bi-Lateral Co-Infections and Antibiotic Resistance Rates among COVID-19 Patients in Lahore, Pakistan Rizvi, Azka Saeed, Muhammad Umer Nadeem, Ayesha Yaqoob, Asma Rabaan, Ali A. Bakhrebah, Muhammed A. Al Mutair, Abbas Alhumaid, Saad Aljeldah, Mohammed Al Shammari, Basim R. Albayat, Hawra Alwashmi, Ameen S. S. Nainu, Firzan Alhashem, Yousef N. Naveed, Muhammad Ahmed, Naveed Medicina (Kaunas) Article Background and Objective: Bacterial infections are among the major complications of many viral respiratory tract illnesses, such as influenza and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). These bacterial co-infections are associated with an increase in morbidity and mortality rates. The current observational study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in Lahore, Pakistan among COVID-19 patients with the status of oxygen dependency to see the prevalence of bacterial co-infections and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns. Materials and Methods: A total of 1251 clinical samples were collected from already diagnosed COVID-19 patients and tested for bacterial identification (cultures) and susceptibility testing (disk diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration) using gold standard diagnostic methods. Results: From the total collected samples, 234 were found positive for different bacterial isolates. The most common isolated bacteria were Escherichia coli (E. coli) (n = 62) and Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) (n = 47). The E. coli isolates have shown the highest resistance to amoxicillin and ampicillin, while in the case of A. baumannii, the highest resistance was noted against tetracycline. The prevalence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was 14.9%, carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) was 4.5%, and vancomycin resistant Enterococcus (VRE) was 3.96%. Conclusions: The results of the current study conclude that empiric antimicrobial treatment in critically ill COVID-19 patients may be considered if properly managed within institutional or national level antibiotic stewardship programs, because it may play a protective role in the case of bacterial co-infections, especially when a patient has other AMR risk factors, such as hospital admission within the previous six months. MDPI 2022-07-06 /pmc/articles/PMC9322062/ /pubmed/35888623 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina58070904 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Rizvi, Azka
Saeed, Muhammad Umer
Nadeem, Ayesha
Yaqoob, Asma
Rabaan, Ali A.
Bakhrebah, Muhammed A.
Al Mutair, Abbas
Alhumaid, Saad
Aljeldah, Mohammed
Al Shammari, Basim R.
Albayat, Hawra
Alwashmi, Ameen S. S.
Nainu, Firzan
Alhashem, Yousef N.
Naveed, Muhammad
Ahmed, Naveed
Evaluation of Bi-Lateral Co-Infections and Antibiotic Resistance Rates among COVID-19 Patients in Lahore, Pakistan
title Evaluation of Bi-Lateral Co-Infections and Antibiotic Resistance Rates among COVID-19 Patients in Lahore, Pakistan
title_full Evaluation of Bi-Lateral Co-Infections and Antibiotic Resistance Rates among COVID-19 Patients in Lahore, Pakistan
title_fullStr Evaluation of Bi-Lateral Co-Infections and Antibiotic Resistance Rates among COVID-19 Patients in Lahore, Pakistan
title_full_unstemmed Evaluation of Bi-Lateral Co-Infections and Antibiotic Resistance Rates among COVID-19 Patients in Lahore, Pakistan
title_short Evaluation of Bi-Lateral Co-Infections and Antibiotic Resistance Rates among COVID-19 Patients in Lahore, Pakistan
title_sort evaluation of bi-lateral co-infections and antibiotic resistance rates among covid-19 patients in lahore, pakistan
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9322062/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35888623
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina58070904
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