Sodium Silicate from Rice Husk Ash and Their Effects as Geopolymer Cement

Sodium silicate is a commonly used activator in geopolymer that is produced commercially. In this study, rice husk ash (RHA) from agricultural waste was used to synthesize sodium silicate as an activator for geopolymer cement. This white ash was applied for producing sodium silicate with different molarities (8, 10, and 12) and then used to synthesize fly ash-based geopolymer cement. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) were applied to investigate the micro-characteristics of the geopolymerization products. Bulk density, water absorption, compressive strength, flexural strength, and fracture toughness were carried out to measure and evaluate the geopolymers with sodium silicate. The combination of 10 M NaOH with sodium silicate increased the compressive strength by 16.21% and the flexural strength and fracture toughness by 81.6%. However, sodium silicate combined with 12 M NaOH decreased compressive strengths by 13.23% and flexural strength and fracture toughness by 61.94%. The lowest water absorption value of 12.3% was obtained in a geopolymer paste using sodium silicate combined with 10 M NaOH, and the largest was 13.3% for sodium silicate combined with 8 M NaOH. The microstructure analysis showed the hydrated calcium alumina silicate gel (C–A–S–H) and the SEM image also revealed a compact geopolymer matrix. Thus, it can be concluded that sodium silicate from rice husk ash can be utilized as an activator or reactive material to produce geopolymer cement with a good geopolymer network.