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The Insulin Receptor: An Important Target for the Development of Novel Medicines and Pesticides
The insulin receptor (IR) is a transmembrane protein that is activated by ligands in insulin signaling pathways. The IR has been considered as a novel therapeutic target for clinical intervention, considering the overexpression of its protein and A-isoform in multiple cancers, Alzheimer’s disease, a...
Autores principales: | , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9325136/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35887136 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23147793 |
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author | Zhang, Xiaohong Zhu, Xuezhen Bi, Xiaoyang Huang, Jiguang Zhou, Lijuan |
author_facet | Zhang, Xiaohong Zhu, Xuezhen Bi, Xiaoyang Huang, Jiguang Zhou, Lijuan |
author_sort | Zhang, Xiaohong |
collection | PubMed |
description | The insulin receptor (IR) is a transmembrane protein that is activated by ligands in insulin signaling pathways. The IR has been considered as a novel therapeutic target for clinical intervention, considering the overexpression of its protein and A-isoform in multiple cancers, Alzheimer’s disease, and Type 2 diabetes mellitus in humans. Meanwhile, it may also serve as a potential target in pest management due to its multiple physiological influences in insects. In this review, we provide an overview of the structural and molecular biology of the IR, functions of IRs in humans and insects, physiological and nonpeptide small molecule modulators of the IR, and the regulating mechanisms of the IR. Xenobiotic compounds and the corresponding insecticidal chemicals functioning on the IR are also discussed. This review is expected to provide useful information for a better understanding of human IR-related diseases, as well as to facilitate the development of novel small-molecule activators and inhibitors of the IR for use as medicines or pesticides. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9325136 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-93251362022-07-27 The Insulin Receptor: An Important Target for the Development of Novel Medicines and Pesticides Zhang, Xiaohong Zhu, Xuezhen Bi, Xiaoyang Huang, Jiguang Zhou, Lijuan Int J Mol Sci Review The insulin receptor (IR) is a transmembrane protein that is activated by ligands in insulin signaling pathways. The IR has been considered as a novel therapeutic target for clinical intervention, considering the overexpression of its protein and A-isoform in multiple cancers, Alzheimer’s disease, and Type 2 diabetes mellitus in humans. Meanwhile, it may also serve as a potential target in pest management due to its multiple physiological influences in insects. In this review, we provide an overview of the structural and molecular biology of the IR, functions of IRs in humans and insects, physiological and nonpeptide small molecule modulators of the IR, and the regulating mechanisms of the IR. Xenobiotic compounds and the corresponding insecticidal chemicals functioning on the IR are also discussed. This review is expected to provide useful information for a better understanding of human IR-related diseases, as well as to facilitate the development of novel small-molecule activators and inhibitors of the IR for use as medicines or pesticides. MDPI 2022-07-14 /pmc/articles/PMC9325136/ /pubmed/35887136 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23147793 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Zhang, Xiaohong Zhu, Xuezhen Bi, Xiaoyang Huang, Jiguang Zhou, Lijuan The Insulin Receptor: An Important Target for the Development of Novel Medicines and Pesticides |
title | The Insulin Receptor: An Important Target for the Development of Novel Medicines and Pesticides |
title_full | The Insulin Receptor: An Important Target for the Development of Novel Medicines and Pesticides |
title_fullStr | The Insulin Receptor: An Important Target for the Development of Novel Medicines and Pesticides |
title_full_unstemmed | The Insulin Receptor: An Important Target for the Development of Novel Medicines and Pesticides |
title_short | The Insulin Receptor: An Important Target for the Development of Novel Medicines and Pesticides |
title_sort | insulin receptor: an important target for the development of novel medicines and pesticides |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9325136/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35887136 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23147793 |
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