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Post-enucleation socket syndrome—a novel pathophysiological definition
BACKGROUND: The last definition of the post-enucleation socket syndrome (PESS) by Tyers and Collin—formulated almost 40 years ago in 1982—is predominantly based on the clinical characteristics and does not include the insights of newer studies into the pathophysiological mechanism of the PESS. METHO...
Autores principales: | , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9325822/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35366081 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00417-022-05648-z |
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author | Rokohl, Alexander C. Kopecky, Adam Trester, Marc Wawer Matos, Philomena A. Pine, Keith R. Heindl, Ludwig M. |
author_facet | Rokohl, Alexander C. Kopecky, Adam Trester, Marc Wawer Matos, Philomena A. Pine, Keith R. Heindl, Ludwig M. |
author_sort | Rokohl, Alexander C. |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: The last definition of the post-enucleation socket syndrome (PESS) by Tyers and Collin—formulated almost 40 years ago in 1982—is predominantly based on the clinical characteristics and does not include the insights of newer studies into the pathophysiological mechanism of the PESS. METHODS: A systematic PubMed literature review regarding the pathophysiological mechanism of the PESS was performed, and results were comprised to give an overview of the current knowledge of the PESS including the exact pathophysiological mechanism. RESULTS: The primarily postulated pathophysiological mechanism of the PESS was the atrophy of orbital tissues, especially of fat, resulting in variable clinical findings. Newer studies using high-resolution computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging or performing histopathological analyses found no orbital fat atrophy but rather a rotatory displacement of the orbital tissues from superior to posterior and from posterior to inferior together with the retraction of the extraocular muscles and a possible volume loss of the orbital implant by resorption if it is manufactured from hydroxyapatite. PESS results in a backward tilt of the superior fornix, a deep superior sulcus, a pseudo-ptosis, a lower eyelid elongation and laxity, a shallower inferior fornix, as well as enophthalmos and may lead to an inability of wearing ocular prostheses. CONCLUSIONS: A novel and comprehensive definition of the PESS is proposed: PESS is a multifactorial and variable syndrome caused by a rotatory displacement of orbital contents together with the retraction of the extraocular muscles and possible resorption of the orbital implant if it is manufactured from hydroxyapatite. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9325822 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | Springer Berlin Heidelberg |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-93258222022-07-28 Post-enucleation socket syndrome—a novel pathophysiological definition Rokohl, Alexander C. Kopecky, Adam Trester, Marc Wawer Matos, Philomena A. Pine, Keith R. Heindl, Ludwig M. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol Mini Review BACKGROUND: The last definition of the post-enucleation socket syndrome (PESS) by Tyers and Collin—formulated almost 40 years ago in 1982—is predominantly based on the clinical characteristics and does not include the insights of newer studies into the pathophysiological mechanism of the PESS. METHODS: A systematic PubMed literature review regarding the pathophysiological mechanism of the PESS was performed, and results were comprised to give an overview of the current knowledge of the PESS including the exact pathophysiological mechanism. RESULTS: The primarily postulated pathophysiological mechanism of the PESS was the atrophy of orbital tissues, especially of fat, resulting in variable clinical findings. Newer studies using high-resolution computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging or performing histopathological analyses found no orbital fat atrophy but rather a rotatory displacement of the orbital tissues from superior to posterior and from posterior to inferior together with the retraction of the extraocular muscles and a possible volume loss of the orbital implant by resorption if it is manufactured from hydroxyapatite. PESS results in a backward tilt of the superior fornix, a deep superior sulcus, a pseudo-ptosis, a lower eyelid elongation and laxity, a shallower inferior fornix, as well as enophthalmos and may lead to an inability of wearing ocular prostheses. CONCLUSIONS: A novel and comprehensive definition of the PESS is proposed: PESS is a multifactorial and variable syndrome caused by a rotatory displacement of orbital contents together with the retraction of the extraocular muscles and possible resorption of the orbital implant if it is manufactured from hydroxyapatite. Springer Berlin Heidelberg 2022-04-02 2022 /pmc/articles/PMC9325822/ /pubmed/35366081 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00417-022-05648-z Text en © The Author(s) 2022 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . |
spellingShingle | Mini Review Rokohl, Alexander C. Kopecky, Adam Trester, Marc Wawer Matos, Philomena A. Pine, Keith R. Heindl, Ludwig M. Post-enucleation socket syndrome—a novel pathophysiological definition |
title | Post-enucleation socket syndrome—a novel pathophysiological definition |
title_full | Post-enucleation socket syndrome—a novel pathophysiological definition |
title_fullStr | Post-enucleation socket syndrome—a novel pathophysiological definition |
title_full_unstemmed | Post-enucleation socket syndrome—a novel pathophysiological definition |
title_short | Post-enucleation socket syndrome—a novel pathophysiological definition |
title_sort | post-enucleation socket syndrome—a novel pathophysiological definition |
topic | Mini Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9325822/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35366081 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00417-022-05648-z |
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