Cepharanthine ameliorates dextran sulphate sodium‐induced colitis through modulating gut microbiota

Cepharanthine (CEP) is an active alkaloid isolated from Stephania Cepharantha Hayata. It is reported that the anti‐inflammatory properties of CEP could be employed to treat a variety of diseases. In this study, we first found that CEP ameliorates ulcerative colitis (UC) induced by DSS. The effect of CEP on gut microbiota was further evaluated by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, antibiotic pretreatment and faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). Results showed that the abundances of gut microbiota, such as Romboutsia, Turicibacter and Escherichia‐Shigella (especially Romboutsia), were significantly reduced after CEP treatment. Additionally, we explored the mechanisms of CEP by a strategy integrating transcriptomics with network pharmacology. The transcriptome data confirmed that CEP functioned through cytokine and cytokine receptor pathways. The expression levels of 10 pro‐inflammatory hub genes (such as CXCL1, CXCL9, CCL7) were positively correlated with the abundance of Romboutsia. Our data identified Romboutsia as a potential pathobiont in UC. Collectively, we confirmed that CEP relieved colon inflammation by modulating gut microbiota and pro‐inflammatory cytokine expression. CEP can be adopted to design novel effective therapeutic strategies for UC.