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Experimental Conditions That Influence the Utility of 2′7′-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein Diacetate (DCFH(2)-DA) as a Fluorogenic Biosensor for Mitochondrial Redox Status
Oxidative stress has been causally linked to various diseases. Electron transport chain (ETC) inhibitors such as rotenone and antimycin A are frequently used in model systems to study oxidative stress. Oxidative stress that is provoked by ETC inhibitors can be visualized using the fluorogenic probe...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9329753/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35892626 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11081424 |
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author | de Haan, Lianne R. Reiniers, Megan J. Reeskamp, Laurens F. Belkouz, Ali Ao, Lei Cheng, Shuqun Ding, Baoyue van Golen, Rowan F. Heger, Michal |
author_facet | de Haan, Lianne R. Reiniers, Megan J. Reeskamp, Laurens F. Belkouz, Ali Ao, Lei Cheng, Shuqun Ding, Baoyue van Golen, Rowan F. Heger, Michal |
author_sort | de Haan, Lianne R. |
collection | PubMed |
description | Oxidative stress has been causally linked to various diseases. Electron transport chain (ETC) inhibitors such as rotenone and antimycin A are frequently used in model systems to study oxidative stress. Oxidative stress that is provoked by ETC inhibitors can be visualized using the fluorogenic probe 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein-diacetate (DCFH(2)-DA). Non-fluorescent DCFH(2)-DA crosses the plasma membrane, is deacetylated to 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein (DCFH(2)) by esterases, and is oxidized to its fluorescent form 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein (DCF) by intracellular ROS. DCF fluorescence can, therefore, be used as a semi-quantitative measure of general oxidative stress. However, the use of DCFH(2)-DA is complicated by various protocol-related factors that mediate DCFH(2)-to-DCF conversion independently of the degree of oxidative stress. This study therefore analyzed the influence of ancillary factors on DCF formation in the context of ETC inhibitors. It was found that ETC inhibitors trigger DCF formation in cell-free experiments when they are co-dissolved with DCFH(2)-DA. Moreover, the extent of DCF formation depended on the type of culture medium that was used, the pH of the assay system, the presence of fetal calf serum, and the final DCFH(2)-DA solvent concentration. Conclusively, experiments with DCFH(2)-DA should not discount the influence of protocol-related factors such as medium and mitochondrial inhibitors (and possibly other compounds) on the DCFH(2)-DA-DCF reaction and proper controls should always be built into the assay protocol. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9329753 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-93297532022-07-29 Experimental Conditions That Influence the Utility of 2′7′-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein Diacetate (DCFH(2)-DA) as a Fluorogenic Biosensor for Mitochondrial Redox Status de Haan, Lianne R. Reiniers, Megan J. Reeskamp, Laurens F. Belkouz, Ali Ao, Lei Cheng, Shuqun Ding, Baoyue van Golen, Rowan F. Heger, Michal Antioxidants (Basel) Article Oxidative stress has been causally linked to various diseases. Electron transport chain (ETC) inhibitors such as rotenone and antimycin A are frequently used in model systems to study oxidative stress. Oxidative stress that is provoked by ETC inhibitors can be visualized using the fluorogenic probe 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein-diacetate (DCFH(2)-DA). Non-fluorescent DCFH(2)-DA crosses the plasma membrane, is deacetylated to 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein (DCFH(2)) by esterases, and is oxidized to its fluorescent form 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein (DCF) by intracellular ROS. DCF fluorescence can, therefore, be used as a semi-quantitative measure of general oxidative stress. However, the use of DCFH(2)-DA is complicated by various protocol-related factors that mediate DCFH(2)-to-DCF conversion independently of the degree of oxidative stress. This study therefore analyzed the influence of ancillary factors on DCF formation in the context of ETC inhibitors. It was found that ETC inhibitors trigger DCF formation in cell-free experiments when they are co-dissolved with DCFH(2)-DA. Moreover, the extent of DCF formation depended on the type of culture medium that was used, the pH of the assay system, the presence of fetal calf serum, and the final DCFH(2)-DA solvent concentration. Conclusively, experiments with DCFH(2)-DA should not discount the influence of protocol-related factors such as medium and mitochondrial inhibitors (and possibly other compounds) on the DCFH(2)-DA-DCF reaction and proper controls should always be built into the assay protocol. MDPI 2022-07-22 /pmc/articles/PMC9329753/ /pubmed/35892626 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11081424 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article de Haan, Lianne R. Reiniers, Megan J. Reeskamp, Laurens F. Belkouz, Ali Ao, Lei Cheng, Shuqun Ding, Baoyue van Golen, Rowan F. Heger, Michal Experimental Conditions That Influence the Utility of 2′7′-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein Diacetate (DCFH(2)-DA) as a Fluorogenic Biosensor for Mitochondrial Redox Status |
title | Experimental Conditions That Influence the Utility of 2′7′-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein Diacetate (DCFH(2)-DA) as a Fluorogenic Biosensor for Mitochondrial Redox Status |
title_full | Experimental Conditions That Influence the Utility of 2′7′-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein Diacetate (DCFH(2)-DA) as a Fluorogenic Biosensor for Mitochondrial Redox Status |
title_fullStr | Experimental Conditions That Influence the Utility of 2′7′-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein Diacetate (DCFH(2)-DA) as a Fluorogenic Biosensor for Mitochondrial Redox Status |
title_full_unstemmed | Experimental Conditions That Influence the Utility of 2′7′-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein Diacetate (DCFH(2)-DA) as a Fluorogenic Biosensor for Mitochondrial Redox Status |
title_short | Experimental Conditions That Influence the Utility of 2′7′-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein Diacetate (DCFH(2)-DA) as a Fluorogenic Biosensor for Mitochondrial Redox Status |
title_sort | experimental conditions that influence the utility of 2′7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (dcfh(2)-da) as a fluorogenic biosensor for mitochondrial redox status |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9329753/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35892626 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11081424 |
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