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Multifunctional Role of S100 Protein Family in the Immune System: An Update
S100 is a broad subfamily of low-molecular weight calcium-binding proteins (9–14 kDa) with structural similarity and functional discrepancy. It is required for inflammation and cellular homeostasis, and can work extracellularly, intracellularly, or both. S100 members participate in a variety of acti...
Autores principales: | , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9332480/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35892571 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11152274 |
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author | Singh, Parul Ali, Syed Azmal |
author_facet | Singh, Parul Ali, Syed Azmal |
author_sort | Singh, Parul |
collection | PubMed |
description | S100 is a broad subfamily of low-molecular weight calcium-binding proteins (9–14 kDa) with structural similarity and functional discrepancy. It is required for inflammation and cellular homeostasis, and can work extracellularly, intracellularly, or both. S100 members participate in a variety of activities in a healthy cell, including calcium storage and transport (calcium homeostasis). S100 isoforms that have previously been shown to play important roles in the immune system as alarmins (DAMPs), antimicrobial peptides, pro-inflammation stimulators, chemo-attractants, and metal scavengers during an innate immune response. Currently, during the pandemic, it was found that several members of the S100 family are implicated in the pathophysiology of COVID-19. Further, S100 family protein members were proposed to be used as a prognostic marker for COVID-19 infection identification using a nasal swab. In the present review, we compiled the vast majority of recent studies that focused on the multifunctionality of S100 proteins in the complex immune system and its associated activities. Furthermore, we shed light on the numerous molecular approaches and signaling cascades regulated by S100 proteins during immune response. In addition, we discussed the involvement of S100 protein members in abnormal defense systems during the pathogenesis of COVID-19. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9332480 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-93324802022-07-29 Multifunctional Role of S100 Protein Family in the Immune System: An Update Singh, Parul Ali, Syed Azmal Cells Review S100 is a broad subfamily of low-molecular weight calcium-binding proteins (9–14 kDa) with structural similarity and functional discrepancy. It is required for inflammation and cellular homeostasis, and can work extracellularly, intracellularly, or both. S100 members participate in a variety of activities in a healthy cell, including calcium storage and transport (calcium homeostasis). S100 isoforms that have previously been shown to play important roles in the immune system as alarmins (DAMPs), antimicrobial peptides, pro-inflammation stimulators, chemo-attractants, and metal scavengers during an innate immune response. Currently, during the pandemic, it was found that several members of the S100 family are implicated in the pathophysiology of COVID-19. Further, S100 family protein members were proposed to be used as a prognostic marker for COVID-19 infection identification using a nasal swab. In the present review, we compiled the vast majority of recent studies that focused on the multifunctionality of S100 proteins in the complex immune system and its associated activities. Furthermore, we shed light on the numerous molecular approaches and signaling cascades regulated by S100 proteins during immune response. In addition, we discussed the involvement of S100 protein members in abnormal defense systems during the pathogenesis of COVID-19. MDPI 2022-07-23 /pmc/articles/PMC9332480/ /pubmed/35892571 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11152274 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Singh, Parul Ali, Syed Azmal Multifunctional Role of S100 Protein Family in the Immune System: An Update |
title | Multifunctional Role of S100 Protein Family in the Immune System: An Update |
title_full | Multifunctional Role of S100 Protein Family in the Immune System: An Update |
title_fullStr | Multifunctional Role of S100 Protein Family in the Immune System: An Update |
title_full_unstemmed | Multifunctional Role of S100 Protein Family in the Immune System: An Update |
title_short | Multifunctional Role of S100 Protein Family in the Immune System: An Update |
title_sort | multifunctional role of s100 protein family in the immune system: an update |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9332480/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35892571 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11152274 |
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