Adoption and Deadoption of Medications to Treat Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19

OBJECTIVES: The COVID-19 pandemic was characterized by rapidly evolving evidence regarding the efficacy of different therapies, as well as rapidly evolving health policies in response to that evidence. Data on adoption and deadoption are essential as we learn from this pandemic and prepare for future public health emergencies. DESIGN: We conducted an observational cohort study in which we determined patterns in the use of multiple medications to treat COVID-19: remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, IV corticosteroids, tocilizumab, heparin-based anticoagulants, and ivermectin. We analyzed changes both overall and within subgroups of critically ill versus Noncritically ill patients. SETTING: Data from Optum’s deidentified Claims-Clinical Dataset, which contains multicenter electronic health record data from U.S. hospitals. PATIENTS: Adults hospitalized with COVID-19 from January 2020 to June 2021. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Of 141,533 eligible patients, 34,515 (24.4%) required admission to an ICU, 14,754 (10.4%) required mechanical ventilation, and 18,998 (13.4%) died during their hospitalization. Averaged over the entire time period, corticosteroid use was most common (47.0%), followed by remdesivir (33.2%), anticoagulants (19.3%), hydroxychloroquine (7.3%), and tocilizumab (3.4%). Usage patterns varied substantially across treatments. For example, hydroxychloroquine use peaked in March 2020 and leveled off to near zero by June 2020, whereas the use of remdesivir, corticosteroids, and tocilizumab all increased following press releases announcing positive results of large international trials. Ivermectin use increased slightly over the study period but was extremely rare overall (0.4%). CONCLUSIONS: During the COVID-19 pandemic, medication treatment patterns evolved reliably in response to emerging evidence and changes in policy. These findings may inform efforts to promote optimal adoption and deadoption of treatments for acute care conditions.