Airway interventions for tracheobronchial involvement in esophageal carcinoma: a retrospective cohort outcome study and algorithmic approach

BACKGROUND: In advanced esophageal carcinoma (EC), there is limited data on risk factors predicting tracheobronchoesophageal fistula (TEF) formation and survival among patients who required airway interventions. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of consecutive patients with EC, who had airway involvement requiring intervention, was conducted from 1998 to 2018. Demographics, clinical progress, disease stage, treatment and survival outcomes were recorded. Patients were followed up till death or until completion of the study. Survival was estimated with the Kaplan-Meier method and curves compared by log-rank test. Multivariate analyses of risk factors were performed using Cox proportional hazard regression. RESULTS: A total of 122 patients were included. The median (IQR) survival from time of airway intervention was 3.30 (1.57–6.88) months, while the median (IQR) survival from time of histological diagnosis was 8.90 (4.91–14.45) months. Tumour location within 20 mm of the carina, prior radiotherapy and/or esophageal stenting were significantly associated with formation of TEF. Mid EC [adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 1.9; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.1–3.2] or presence of TEF (adjusted HR 1.8; 95% CI: 1.0–3.2) were associated with lower survival. Patients receiving chemotherapy (adjusted HR 0.46; 95% CI: 0.25–0.84), or esophageal stenting whether before or after airway intervention (adjusted HR 0.32; 95% CI: 0.15–0.68 and adjusted HR 0.51; 95% CI: 0.29–0.90) were associated with increased survival. CONCLUSIONS: Factors associated with TEF formation include airway location, radiotherapy and prior esophageal stenting, and the development of TEF was associated with poorer survival. An algorithmic approach towards tracheobronchial involvement in EC is proposed based on these findings and a review of the literature.