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Ophthalmological aspects of mustard gas poisoning (focus on management)
BACKGROUND: Amongst the chemical warfare agents, blistering (vesicant) agents can be significant materials. The most important agent in this group is sulfur mustard (mustard gas) which is known as “King of chemical warfare (CW) agents “. Exposure to this agent, seriously causes damages in several or...
Autores principales: | , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Babol University of Medical Sciences
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9348212/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35974928 http://dx.doi.org/10.22088/cjim.13.3.458 |
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author | Rafati-Rahimzadeh, Mehrdad Rafati-Rahimzadeh, Mehravar Kazemi, Sohrab Jafarian Amiri, Seyedeh Roghieh Soleymani, Abbas Moghadamnia, Ali Akbar |
author_facet | Rafati-Rahimzadeh, Mehrdad Rafati-Rahimzadeh, Mehravar Kazemi, Sohrab Jafarian Amiri, Seyedeh Roghieh Soleymani, Abbas Moghadamnia, Ali Akbar |
author_sort | Rafati-Rahimzadeh, Mehrdad |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: Amongst the chemical warfare agents, blistering (vesicant) agents can be significant materials. The most important agent in this group is sulfur mustard (mustard gas) which is known as “King of chemical warfare (CW) agents “. Exposure to this agent, seriously causes damages in several organs, such as the eyes. This article reviews the ophthalmological aspects of sulfur mustard with reference of its management. METHODS: A wide-ranging search in PubMed databases, Thomson Reuters and Scopus was done and different aspects of chemical properties of sulfur mustard, its mechanism of action and effects on eyes, clinical finding, diagnostic evaluation, initiate actions, pharmaceutical and surgical interventions was reported. RESULTS: Sulfur mustard can alkylate DNA and RNA strands and break down structures of protein and lipid of cell membrane. This may impair cell energy production, and leads to cell death. Exposure to sulfur mustard, therefore, causes such problems for organs, including irreversible damage to the eyes. CONCLUSION: Understanding the mechanism of the sulfur mustard effect and the early training in prevention injuries will cause fewer complications and damage to organs, including the eyes. Washing the eyes with tap water or eyewash solutions, using mydriatic drops, anti- inflammatory drugs, matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors and antibiotics may help to the management of poisoning. Surgical interventions including tarsorrhaphy, amniotic membrane transplantation, stem cell transplantation and corneal transplantation could reduce the harm to the victims. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9348212 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | Babol University of Medical Sciences |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-93482122022-08-15 Ophthalmological aspects of mustard gas poisoning (focus on management) Rafati-Rahimzadeh, Mehrdad Rafati-Rahimzadeh, Mehravar Kazemi, Sohrab Jafarian Amiri, Seyedeh Roghieh Soleymani, Abbas Moghadamnia, Ali Akbar Caspian J Intern Med Review Article BACKGROUND: Amongst the chemical warfare agents, blistering (vesicant) agents can be significant materials. The most important agent in this group is sulfur mustard (mustard gas) which is known as “King of chemical warfare (CW) agents “. Exposure to this agent, seriously causes damages in several organs, such as the eyes. This article reviews the ophthalmological aspects of sulfur mustard with reference of its management. METHODS: A wide-ranging search in PubMed databases, Thomson Reuters and Scopus was done and different aspects of chemical properties of sulfur mustard, its mechanism of action and effects on eyes, clinical finding, diagnostic evaluation, initiate actions, pharmaceutical and surgical interventions was reported. RESULTS: Sulfur mustard can alkylate DNA and RNA strands and break down structures of protein and lipid of cell membrane. This may impair cell energy production, and leads to cell death. Exposure to sulfur mustard, therefore, causes such problems for organs, including irreversible damage to the eyes. CONCLUSION: Understanding the mechanism of the sulfur mustard effect and the early training in prevention injuries will cause fewer complications and damage to organs, including the eyes. Washing the eyes with tap water or eyewash solutions, using mydriatic drops, anti- inflammatory drugs, matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors and antibiotics may help to the management of poisoning. Surgical interventions including tarsorrhaphy, amniotic membrane transplantation, stem cell transplantation and corneal transplantation could reduce the harm to the victims. Babol University of Medical Sciences 2022 /pmc/articles/PMC9348212/ /pubmed/35974928 http://dx.doi.org/10.22088/cjim.13.3.458 Text en https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/) ) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
spellingShingle | Review Article Rafati-Rahimzadeh, Mehrdad Rafati-Rahimzadeh, Mehravar Kazemi, Sohrab Jafarian Amiri, Seyedeh Roghieh Soleymani, Abbas Moghadamnia, Ali Akbar Ophthalmological aspects of mustard gas poisoning (focus on management) |
title | Ophthalmological aspects of mustard gas poisoning (focus on management) |
title_full | Ophthalmological aspects of mustard gas poisoning (focus on management) |
title_fullStr | Ophthalmological aspects of mustard gas poisoning (focus on management) |
title_full_unstemmed | Ophthalmological aspects of mustard gas poisoning (focus on management) |
title_short | Ophthalmological aspects of mustard gas poisoning (focus on management) |
title_sort | ophthalmological aspects of mustard gas poisoning (focus on management) |
topic | Review Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9348212/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35974928 http://dx.doi.org/10.22088/cjim.13.3.458 |
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