Pathology and Surgical Management of Urinary Retention Manifesting After Anorectal Malformation Surgery

INTRODUCTION: Associated congenital anomalies, operative structural injury, and postoperative neurovesical dysfunction combine to cause urinary retention in children with a history of surgery for anorectal malformation (ARM). AIM: To study the presentation and management of urinary retention in patients with a history of ARM surgery. METHODOLOGY: Retrospective study. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Twenty-five children presented with urinary retention with a history of ARM surgery performed elsewhere. There were 17 males (high – 14, intermediate – 2, and low – 1) and 8 females (cloaca). Sixteen children had an abnormal spine. Eight children had urethral injury (total transection – 3) and three had a large residual rectal stump. 41/48 renal units were dilated and 27 refluxing. Seventeen children had abnormal estimated glomerular filtration rate and five had undergone urinary diversion. MANAGEMENT: Definitive surgical management was individualized, the most pertinent consideration being whether normal voiding would be feasible or whether a continent low pressure urinary reservoir with clean intermittent catheterization (CIC) would be a safer option. Operative management included excision of the rectal stump (3), urethral reconstruction (2), bladder augmentation (17), Mitrofanoff port (22), bladder neck closure (2), and antireflux surgery (13). Follow-up estimated glomerular filtration rate had improved/normalized in all but two patients. HUN resolved/improved in all and 25/27 refluxing units ceased refluxing. All are socially continent with ten voiding normally and the rest on CIC. CONCLUSION: Urinary retention after ARM surgery is multifactorial and requires prompt recognition and possibly urinary diversion. Final reconstruction aims at achieving continence with safe upper tracts. Urethral voiding is possible in the selected cases.