The triple oxygen isotope composition of marine sulfate and 130 million years of microbial control

The triple oxygen isotope composition (Δ’(17)O) of sulfate minerals is widely used to constrain ancient atmospheric pO(2)/pCO(2) and rates of gross primary production. The utility of this tool is based on a model that sulfate oxygen carries an isotope fingerprint of tropospheric O(2) incorporated through oxidative weathering of reduced sulfur minerals, particularly pyrite. Work to date has targeted Proterozoic environments (2.5 billion to 0.542 billion years ago) where large isotope anomalies persist; younger timescale records, which would ground ancient environmental interpretation in what we know from modern Earth, are lacking. Here we present a high-resolution record of the [Formula: see text] O and Δ’(17)O in marine sulfate for the last 130 million years of Earth history. This record carries a Δ’(17)O close to 0o, suggesting that the marine sulfate reservoir is under strict control by biogeochemical cycling (namely, microbial sulfate reduction), as these reactions follow mass-dependent fractionation. We identify no discernible contribution from atmospheric oxygen on this timescale. We interpret a steady fractional contribution of microbial sulfur cycling (terrestrial and marine) over the last 100 million years, even as global weathering rates are thought to vary considerably.