Usefulness of a novel transarterial chemoinfusion plus external‐beam radiation therapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with tumor thrombi in the inferior vena cava and right atrium: Case study

BACKGROUND: Invasion beyond inferior vena cava (IVC) to right atrium (RA) is a rare complication in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and results in fatal oncologic emergencies, including pulmonary embolism and right heart failure. AIM: As there is no gold standard treatment for unresectable HCC with tumor thrombi involving IVC and RA, we considered it valuable to assess safety and efficacy of a combination of hepatic arterial infusion chemoembolization (HAIC) therapy and external‐beam radiation therapy (EBRT). METHODS AND RESULTS: The “New FP” was chosen as the HAIC therapy, in which the enhanced permeation and retention effect was achieved using a cisplatin‐Lipiodol suspension combined with continuous infusion of 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU). Sixteen patients with HCC with tumor thrombi in IVC, RA, and pulmonary arteries were enrolled. modified response evaluation criteria in solid tumors‐based evaluation of response to the combination treatment was as follows: complete response, 6.2% (1 patient); partial response, 81.3% (13 patients); stable disease, 12.5% (2 patients); progressive disease, 0%. The median overall survival time (MST) was 19.0 months. Notably, MST of patients receiving sequential sorafenib monotherapy (39.0 months) was significantly longer than that of the rest (15.3 months). CONCLUSION: The combination of New FP and EBRT is an efficacious treatment option for unresectable HCC involving IVC and RA, complicated with pulmonary embolism. Sequential administration of molecular‐targeted drugs may prolong survival in such patients.