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Unusual bromine enrichment in the gastric mill and setae of the hadal amphipod Hirondellea gigas
The hadal amphipod Hirondellea gigas is an emblematic animal of the Pacific trenches, and has a number of special adaptations to thrive in this ‘extreme’ environment, which includes the deepest part of the Earth’s ocean. One such adaptation that has been suggested is the presence of an ‘aluminum gel...
Autores principales: | , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Public Library of Science
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9352070/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35925928 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0272032 |
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author | Okada, Satoshi Chen, Chong Watanabe, Hiromi Kayama Isobe, Noriyuki Takai, Ken |
author_facet | Okada, Satoshi Chen, Chong Watanabe, Hiromi Kayama Isobe, Noriyuki Takai, Ken |
author_sort | Okada, Satoshi |
collection | PubMed |
description | The hadal amphipod Hirondellea gigas is an emblematic animal of the Pacific trenches, and has a number of special adaptations to thrive in this ‘extreme’ environment, which includes the deepest part of the Earth’s ocean. One such adaptation that has been suggested is the presence of an ‘aluminum gel shield’ on the surface of its body in order to prevent the dissolution of calcitic exoskeleton below the carbonate compensation depth. However, this has not been investigated under experimental conditions that sufficiently prevent aluminum artefacts, and the possibility of other elements with similar characteristic X-ray energy as aluminum (such as bromine) has not been considered. Here, we show with new electron microscopy data gathered under optimized conditions to minimize aluminum artefacts that H. gigas actually does not have an aluminum shield–instead many parts of its body are enriched in bromine, particularly gastric ossicles and setae. Results from elemental analyses pointed to the use of calcite partially substituted with magnesium by H. gigas in its exoskeleton, in order to suppress dissolution. Our results exemplify the necessity of careful sample preparation and analysis of the signals in energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopic analysis, and the importance of analyses at different electron energies. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9352070 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | Public Library of Science |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-93520702022-08-05 Unusual bromine enrichment in the gastric mill and setae of the hadal amphipod Hirondellea gigas Okada, Satoshi Chen, Chong Watanabe, Hiromi Kayama Isobe, Noriyuki Takai, Ken PLoS One Research Article The hadal amphipod Hirondellea gigas is an emblematic animal of the Pacific trenches, and has a number of special adaptations to thrive in this ‘extreme’ environment, which includes the deepest part of the Earth’s ocean. One such adaptation that has been suggested is the presence of an ‘aluminum gel shield’ on the surface of its body in order to prevent the dissolution of calcitic exoskeleton below the carbonate compensation depth. However, this has not been investigated under experimental conditions that sufficiently prevent aluminum artefacts, and the possibility of other elements with similar characteristic X-ray energy as aluminum (such as bromine) has not been considered. Here, we show with new electron microscopy data gathered under optimized conditions to minimize aluminum artefacts that H. gigas actually does not have an aluminum shield–instead many parts of its body are enriched in bromine, particularly gastric ossicles and setae. Results from elemental analyses pointed to the use of calcite partially substituted with magnesium by H. gigas in its exoskeleton, in order to suppress dissolution. Our results exemplify the necessity of careful sample preparation and analysis of the signals in energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopic analysis, and the importance of analyses at different electron energies. Public Library of Science 2022-08-04 /pmc/articles/PMC9352070/ /pubmed/35925928 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0272032 Text en © 2022 Okada et al https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. |
spellingShingle | Research Article Okada, Satoshi Chen, Chong Watanabe, Hiromi Kayama Isobe, Noriyuki Takai, Ken Unusual bromine enrichment in the gastric mill and setae of the hadal amphipod Hirondellea gigas |
title | Unusual bromine enrichment in the gastric mill and setae of the hadal amphipod Hirondellea gigas |
title_full | Unusual bromine enrichment in the gastric mill and setae of the hadal amphipod Hirondellea gigas |
title_fullStr | Unusual bromine enrichment in the gastric mill and setae of the hadal amphipod Hirondellea gigas |
title_full_unstemmed | Unusual bromine enrichment in the gastric mill and setae of the hadal amphipod Hirondellea gigas |
title_short | Unusual bromine enrichment in the gastric mill and setae of the hadal amphipod Hirondellea gigas |
title_sort | unusual bromine enrichment in the gastric mill and setae of the hadal amphipod hirondellea gigas |
topic | Research Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9352070/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35925928 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0272032 |
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