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Unusual bromine enrichment in the gastric mill and setae of the hadal amphipod Hirondellea gigas

The hadal amphipod Hirondellea gigas is an emblematic animal of the Pacific trenches, and has a number of special adaptations to thrive in this ‘extreme’ environment, which includes the deepest part of the Earth’s ocean. One such adaptation that has been suggested is the presence of an ‘aluminum gel...

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Autores principales: Okada, Satoshi, Chen, Chong, Watanabe, Hiromi Kayama, Isobe, Noriyuki, Takai, Ken
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Public Library of Science 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9352070/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35925928
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0272032
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author Okada, Satoshi
Chen, Chong
Watanabe, Hiromi Kayama
Isobe, Noriyuki
Takai, Ken
author_facet Okada, Satoshi
Chen, Chong
Watanabe, Hiromi Kayama
Isobe, Noriyuki
Takai, Ken
author_sort Okada, Satoshi
collection PubMed
description The hadal amphipod Hirondellea gigas is an emblematic animal of the Pacific trenches, and has a number of special adaptations to thrive in this ‘extreme’ environment, which includes the deepest part of the Earth’s ocean. One such adaptation that has been suggested is the presence of an ‘aluminum gel shield’ on the surface of its body in order to prevent the dissolution of calcitic exoskeleton below the carbonate compensation depth. However, this has not been investigated under experimental conditions that sufficiently prevent aluminum artefacts, and the possibility of other elements with similar characteristic X-ray energy as aluminum (such as bromine) has not been considered. Here, we show with new electron microscopy data gathered under optimized conditions to minimize aluminum artefacts that H. gigas actually does not have an aluminum shield–instead many parts of its body are enriched in bromine, particularly gastric ossicles and setae. Results from elemental analyses pointed to the use of calcite partially substituted with magnesium by H. gigas in its exoskeleton, in order to suppress dissolution. Our results exemplify the necessity of careful sample preparation and analysis of the signals in energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopic analysis, and the importance of analyses at different electron energies.
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spelling pubmed-93520702022-08-05 Unusual bromine enrichment in the gastric mill and setae of the hadal amphipod Hirondellea gigas Okada, Satoshi Chen, Chong Watanabe, Hiromi Kayama Isobe, Noriyuki Takai, Ken PLoS One Research Article The hadal amphipod Hirondellea gigas is an emblematic animal of the Pacific trenches, and has a number of special adaptations to thrive in this ‘extreme’ environment, which includes the deepest part of the Earth’s ocean. One such adaptation that has been suggested is the presence of an ‘aluminum gel shield’ on the surface of its body in order to prevent the dissolution of calcitic exoskeleton below the carbonate compensation depth. However, this has not been investigated under experimental conditions that sufficiently prevent aluminum artefacts, and the possibility of other elements with similar characteristic X-ray energy as aluminum (such as bromine) has not been considered. Here, we show with new electron microscopy data gathered under optimized conditions to minimize aluminum artefacts that H. gigas actually does not have an aluminum shield–instead many parts of its body are enriched in bromine, particularly gastric ossicles and setae. Results from elemental analyses pointed to the use of calcite partially substituted with magnesium by H. gigas in its exoskeleton, in order to suppress dissolution. Our results exemplify the necessity of careful sample preparation and analysis of the signals in energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopic analysis, and the importance of analyses at different electron energies. Public Library of Science 2022-08-04 /pmc/articles/PMC9352070/ /pubmed/35925928 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0272032 Text en © 2022 Okada et al https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
spellingShingle Research Article
Okada, Satoshi
Chen, Chong
Watanabe, Hiromi Kayama
Isobe, Noriyuki
Takai, Ken
Unusual bromine enrichment in the gastric mill and setae of the hadal amphipod Hirondellea gigas
title Unusual bromine enrichment in the gastric mill and setae of the hadal amphipod Hirondellea gigas
title_full Unusual bromine enrichment in the gastric mill and setae of the hadal amphipod Hirondellea gigas
title_fullStr Unusual bromine enrichment in the gastric mill and setae of the hadal amphipod Hirondellea gigas
title_full_unstemmed Unusual bromine enrichment in the gastric mill and setae of the hadal amphipod Hirondellea gigas
title_short Unusual bromine enrichment in the gastric mill and setae of the hadal amphipod Hirondellea gigas
title_sort unusual bromine enrichment in the gastric mill and setae of the hadal amphipod hirondellea gigas
topic Research Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9352070/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35925928
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0272032
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