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Three strategies of transgenic manipulation for crop improvement

Heterologous expression of exogenous genes, overexpression of endogenous genes, and suppressed expression of undesirable genes are the three strategies of transgenic manipulation for crop improvement. Up to 2020, most (227) of the singular transgenic events (265) of crops approved for commercial rel...

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Autores principales: Yu, Haoqiang, Yang, Qingqing, Fu, Fengling, Li, Wanchen
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9354092/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35937379
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.948518
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author Yu, Haoqiang
Yang, Qingqing
Fu, Fengling
Li, Wanchen
author_facet Yu, Haoqiang
Yang, Qingqing
Fu, Fengling
Li, Wanchen
author_sort Yu, Haoqiang
collection PubMed
description Heterologous expression of exogenous genes, overexpression of endogenous genes, and suppressed expression of undesirable genes are the three strategies of transgenic manipulation for crop improvement. Up to 2020, most (227) of the singular transgenic events (265) of crops approved for commercial release worldwide have been developed by the first strategy. Thirty-eight of them have been transformed by synthetic sequences transcribing antisense or double-stranded RNAs and three by mutated copies for suppressed expression of undesirable genes (the third strategy). By the first and the third strategies, hundreds of transgenic events and thousands of varieties with significant improvement of resistance to herbicides and pesticides, as well as nutritional quality, have been developed and approved for commercial release. Their application has significantly decreased the use of synthetic pesticides and the cost of crop production and increased the yield of crops and the benefits to farmers. However, almost all the events overexpressing endogenous genes remain at the testing stage, except one for fertility restoration and another for pyramiding herbicide tolerance. The novel functions conferred by the heterologously expressing exogenous genes under the control of constitutive promoters are usually absent in the recipient crops themselves or perform in different pathways. However, the endogenous proteins encoded by the overexpressing endogenous genes are regulated in complex networks with functionally redundant and replaceable pathways and are difficult to confer the desirable phenotypes significantly. It is concluded that heterologous expression of exogenous genes and suppressed expression by RNA interference and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-cas (CRISPR/Cas) of undesirable genes are superior to the overexpression of endogenous genes for transgenic improvement of crops.
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spelling pubmed-93540922022-08-06 Three strategies of transgenic manipulation for crop improvement Yu, Haoqiang Yang, Qingqing Fu, Fengling Li, Wanchen Front Plant Sci Plant Science Heterologous expression of exogenous genes, overexpression of endogenous genes, and suppressed expression of undesirable genes are the three strategies of transgenic manipulation for crop improvement. Up to 2020, most (227) of the singular transgenic events (265) of crops approved for commercial release worldwide have been developed by the first strategy. Thirty-eight of them have been transformed by synthetic sequences transcribing antisense or double-stranded RNAs and three by mutated copies for suppressed expression of undesirable genes (the third strategy). By the first and the third strategies, hundreds of transgenic events and thousands of varieties with significant improvement of resistance to herbicides and pesticides, as well as nutritional quality, have been developed and approved for commercial release. Their application has significantly decreased the use of synthetic pesticides and the cost of crop production and increased the yield of crops and the benefits to farmers. However, almost all the events overexpressing endogenous genes remain at the testing stage, except one for fertility restoration and another for pyramiding herbicide tolerance. The novel functions conferred by the heterologously expressing exogenous genes under the control of constitutive promoters are usually absent in the recipient crops themselves or perform in different pathways. However, the endogenous proteins encoded by the overexpressing endogenous genes are regulated in complex networks with functionally redundant and replaceable pathways and are difficult to confer the desirable phenotypes significantly. It is concluded that heterologous expression of exogenous genes and suppressed expression by RNA interference and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-cas (CRISPR/Cas) of undesirable genes are superior to the overexpression of endogenous genes for transgenic improvement of crops. Frontiers Media S.A. 2022-07-22 /pmc/articles/PMC9354092/ /pubmed/35937379 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.948518 Text en Copyright © 2022 Yu, Yang, Fu and Li. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Plant Science
Yu, Haoqiang
Yang, Qingqing
Fu, Fengling
Li, Wanchen
Three strategies of transgenic manipulation for crop improvement
title Three strategies of transgenic manipulation for crop improvement
title_full Three strategies of transgenic manipulation for crop improvement
title_fullStr Three strategies of transgenic manipulation for crop improvement
title_full_unstemmed Three strategies of transgenic manipulation for crop improvement
title_short Three strategies of transgenic manipulation for crop improvement
title_sort three strategies of transgenic manipulation for crop improvement
topic Plant Science
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9354092/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35937379
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.948518
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