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Development and psychometric properties of the maternal ambivalence scale in spanish women

BACKGROUND: maternal ambivalence, which refers to experiencing mixed emotions about motherhood, like happiness and sadness, is frequent during the perinatal period. AIM: Due to the relevance of this topic and the lack of psychometrically-sound instruments to measure it, this study aims to develop an...

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Autores principales: Martín-Sánchez, Magdalena Belén, Martínez-Borba, Verónica, Catalá, Patricia, Osma, Jorge, Peñacoba-Puente, Cecilia, Suso-Ribera, Carlos
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: BioMed Central 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9356446/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35933351
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12884-022-04956-w
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author Martín-Sánchez, Magdalena Belén
Martínez-Borba, Verónica
Catalá, Patricia
Osma, Jorge
Peñacoba-Puente, Cecilia
Suso-Ribera, Carlos
author_facet Martín-Sánchez, Magdalena Belén
Martínez-Borba, Verónica
Catalá, Patricia
Osma, Jorge
Peñacoba-Puente, Cecilia
Suso-Ribera, Carlos
author_sort Martín-Sánchez, Magdalena Belén
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND: maternal ambivalence, which refers to experiencing mixed emotions about motherhood, like happiness and sadness, is frequent during the perinatal period. AIM: Due to the relevance of this topic and the lack of psychometrically-sound instruments to measure it, this study aims to develop and test a measure of maternal ambivalence called the Maternal Ambivalence Scale (MAS). METHODS: in this cross-sectional, observational study, participants were 1424 Spanish women recruited online who were either pregnant (33%) or recent mothers of children under 2 years (67%). They responded to the MAS and measures of anxiety and depressive symptoms and life satisfaction. Analyses included exploratory and confirmatory factor solutions for the MAS, internal consistency estimates (Cronbach’s α) for all scales, as well as bivariate correlations to investigate sources of validity evidence. Comparisons between pregnant and postpartum women were also examined. RESULTS: The assumptions for factor analysis about the relationship between items were met (Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin’s [KMO] test = 0.90; Barlett’s Chi-square sphericity test = 5853.89, p < .001). A three-factor solution (Doubts, Rejection, and Suppression) for the MAS showed a good model fit both in exploratory (Chi-square = 274.6, p < .001, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation [RMSEA] = 0.059, RMSEA 90% Confidence Interval [CI]=[0.052, 0.066], Comparative Fit Index [CFI] = 0.985, Tucker Lewis Index [TLI] = 0.974) and confirmatory analyses (Chi-square = 428.0, p < .001, RMSEA = 0.062, RMSEA 90% CI=[0.056, 0.068], CFI = 0.977, TLI = 0.971). Doubts (α = 0.83), Rejection (α = 0.70), and Suppression (α = 80) were associated with higher anxiety and depressive symptoms, as well as lower life satisfaction (all p < .001). Pregnant women presented greater Rejection (mean difference = 0.30, p = .037, 95% CI=[0.02, 0.58]) and less Suppression (mean difference=-0.47, p = .002, 95% CI=[-0.77,-0.17]) than mothers. CONCLUSION: with this study, we provide clinicians and researchers with a novel tool that successfully captures the complex nature of maternal ambivalence. Given the associations of maternal ambivalence with important outcomes in perinatal women, this tool could be important for the prevention of distress associated with chronic ambivalence and to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions addressing ambivalence. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12884-022-04956-w.
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spelling pubmed-93564462022-08-07 Development and psychometric properties of the maternal ambivalence scale in spanish women Martín-Sánchez, Magdalena Belén Martínez-Borba, Verónica Catalá, Patricia Osma, Jorge Peñacoba-Puente, Cecilia Suso-Ribera, Carlos BMC Pregnancy Childbirth Research BACKGROUND: maternal ambivalence, which refers to experiencing mixed emotions about motherhood, like happiness and sadness, is frequent during the perinatal period. AIM: Due to the relevance of this topic and the lack of psychometrically-sound instruments to measure it, this study aims to develop and test a measure of maternal ambivalence called the Maternal Ambivalence Scale (MAS). METHODS: in this cross-sectional, observational study, participants were 1424 Spanish women recruited online who were either pregnant (33%) or recent mothers of children under 2 years (67%). They responded to the MAS and measures of anxiety and depressive symptoms and life satisfaction. Analyses included exploratory and confirmatory factor solutions for the MAS, internal consistency estimates (Cronbach’s α) for all scales, as well as bivariate correlations to investigate sources of validity evidence. Comparisons between pregnant and postpartum women were also examined. RESULTS: The assumptions for factor analysis about the relationship between items were met (Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin’s [KMO] test = 0.90; Barlett’s Chi-square sphericity test = 5853.89, p < .001). A three-factor solution (Doubts, Rejection, and Suppression) for the MAS showed a good model fit both in exploratory (Chi-square = 274.6, p < .001, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation [RMSEA] = 0.059, RMSEA 90% Confidence Interval [CI]=[0.052, 0.066], Comparative Fit Index [CFI] = 0.985, Tucker Lewis Index [TLI] = 0.974) and confirmatory analyses (Chi-square = 428.0, p < .001, RMSEA = 0.062, RMSEA 90% CI=[0.056, 0.068], CFI = 0.977, TLI = 0.971). Doubts (α = 0.83), Rejection (α = 0.70), and Suppression (α = 80) were associated with higher anxiety and depressive symptoms, as well as lower life satisfaction (all p < .001). Pregnant women presented greater Rejection (mean difference = 0.30, p = .037, 95% CI=[0.02, 0.58]) and less Suppression (mean difference=-0.47, p = .002, 95% CI=[-0.77,-0.17]) than mothers. CONCLUSION: with this study, we provide clinicians and researchers with a novel tool that successfully captures the complex nature of maternal ambivalence. Given the associations of maternal ambivalence with important outcomes in perinatal women, this tool could be important for the prevention of distress associated with chronic ambivalence and to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions addressing ambivalence. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12884-022-04956-w. BioMed Central 2022-08-06 /pmc/articles/PMC9356446/ /pubmed/35933351 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12884-022-04956-w Text en © The Author(s) 2022 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.
spellingShingle Research
Martín-Sánchez, Magdalena Belén
Martínez-Borba, Verónica
Catalá, Patricia
Osma, Jorge
Peñacoba-Puente, Cecilia
Suso-Ribera, Carlos
Development and psychometric properties of the maternal ambivalence scale in spanish women
title Development and psychometric properties of the maternal ambivalence scale in spanish women
title_full Development and psychometric properties of the maternal ambivalence scale in spanish women
title_fullStr Development and psychometric properties of the maternal ambivalence scale in spanish women
title_full_unstemmed Development and psychometric properties of the maternal ambivalence scale in spanish women
title_short Development and psychometric properties of the maternal ambivalence scale in spanish women
title_sort development and psychometric properties of the maternal ambivalence scale in spanish women
topic Research
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9356446/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35933351
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12884-022-04956-w
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