Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their oxygenated derivatives in urban aerosol: levels, chemical profiles, and contribution to PM(2.5) oxidative potential

The concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and quinones, a subgroup of oxygenated PAHs (oxy-PAHs), were measured in PM(2.5) samples collected during warm (May–June 2019) and cold (February–March 2020) seasons in the city of Bologna, Italy. Total PAHs concentration was nearly double in winter (6.58 ± 1.03 ng m(−3)) compared with spring (3.16 ± 0.53 ng m(−3)), following the trend of the PM(2.5) mass concentration. Molecular diagnostic ratios suggested that, together with traffic, biomass burning was the dominant emission source contributing to the peaks of concentration of PM(2.5) registered in the cold season. Quinone level was constant in both seasons, being 1.44 ± 0.24 ng m(−3), that may be related to the increased secondary formation during warm season, as confirmed by the higher Σoxy-PAHs/ΣPAHs ratio in spring than in winter. The oxidative potential (OP) of the PM(2.5) samples was assessed using acellular dithiothreitol (DTT) and ascorbic acid (AA) assays. The obtained responses showed a strong seasonality, with higher volume-normalized (OP(V)) values in winter than in spring, i.e., OP(V)(DTT): 0.32 ± 0.15 nmol min(−1) m(−3) vs. 0.08 ± 0.03 nmol min(−1) m(−3) and OP(V)(AA): 0.72 ± 0.36 nmol min(−1) m(−3) vs. 0.28 ± 0.21 nmol min(−1) m(−3). Both OP(V)(DTT) and OP(V)(AA) responses were significantly associated with total PAHs, as a general descriptor of redox-active PAH derivatives, associated with co-emission from burning sources or secondary atmospheric oxidation of parent PAHs. Otherwise, only winter OP(V)(DTT) responses showed a significant correlation with total Ʃoxy-PAHs concentration.