Ambient PM(2.5) and O(3) pollution and health impacts in Iranian megacity

The main objectives of this study were to (i) assess variation within fine particles (PM(2.5)) and tropospheric ozone (O(3)) time series in Khorramabad (Iran) between 2019 (before) and 2020 (during COVID-19 pandemic); (ii) assess relationship between PM(2.5) and O(3), the PM(2.5)/O(3) ratio, and energy consumption; and (iii) estimate the health effects of exposure to ambient PM(2.5) and O(3). From hourly PM(2.5) and O(3) concentrations, we applied both linear–log and integrated exposure–response functions, city-specific relative risk, and baseline incidence values to estimate the health effects over time. A significant correlation was found between PM(2.5) and O(3) (r =−0.46 in 2019, r =−0.55 in 2020, p < 0.05). The number of premature deaths for all non-accidental causes (27.5 and 24.6), ischemic heart disease (7.3 and 6.3), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (17 and 19.2), and lung cancer (9.2 and 6.25) attributed to ambient PM(2.5) exposure and for respiratory diseases (4.7 and 5.4) for exposure to O(3) above 10 µg m(−3) for people older than 30-year-old were obtained in 2019 and 2020. The number of years of life lost declined by 11.6% in 2020 and exposure to PM(2.5) reduced the life expectancy by 0.58 and 0.45 years, respectively in 2019 and 2020. Compared to 2019, the restrictive measures associated to COVID-19 pandemic led to reduction in PM(2.5) (−25.5%) and an increase of O(3) concentration (+ 8.0%) in Khorramabad.