The association between early formula and reduced risk of cow’s milk allergy during the first three year of life: a Japanese cohort study

BACKGROUND: Our recent observational study showed that regular consumption of cow’s milk (CM) formula during early infancy (3–6 months old) was associated with a reduced risk of CM allergy (CMA) at 12 months old. However, the long-term association is unclear. The present study was aimed to examine how long this inverse association persists after 12 months old. METHODS: This study used the dataset of an ongoing nationwide prospective cohort, the Japan Environment and Children’s Study, in which participants were registered between January 2011 and March 2014. We analyzed 65,568 children followed-up until 36 months old. The exposure factors were the consumption statuses of formula milk from 0–3, 3–6, and 6–12 months old. The primary outcome was the prevalence of CMA at 6, 12, 18, 24 and 36 months old. CMA was defined as an allergic reaction and sensitization to CM protein in an individual with no or limited intake of this protein at the evaluation time, combined with physician-diagnosed food allergy. Multivariable regression models were used to estimate the association between the periods of formula consumption and the prevalence of CMA. RESULTS: The prevalence of CMA increased with a peak of 1.51% at 18 months old and then declined to 0.79% at 36 months old. Formula milk from 3–6 months old was associated with a reduced risk of CMA throughout the first 3 years of life, although the extent of the reduction was mitigated with age (adjusted relative risk: [95% confidence interval]: 0.19 [0.10–0.34] at 12 months old, 0.23 [0.16–0.33] at 18 months old, 0.41 [0.26–0.64] at 24 months old, and 0.47 [0.26–0.80] at 36 months old). The association between early formula and CMA were observed in both children with and without eczema, but more prominent and long-lasting in the former than the latter. CONCLUSIONS: Regular exposure to CM protein during infancy was associated with a reduced prevalence of CMA during early childhood. At present, however, this observational study does not necessarily encourage formula feeding, and randomized controlled trials are warranted to confirm the findings and their significance. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13223-022-00712-z.