Establishing Safe Working Parameters for Radiofrequency Ablation In Vitro Using Acoustic Sensing, Probability Mapping, and Catheter Contact Angle

Surgical quality and safety in radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFA) are critical in arrhythmia procedures. Steam pops, in particular, are potentially catastrophic events that must be avoided; otherwise, they may cause significant damage to the myocardium. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of applied RFA inclination angle and tissue contact parameters on the ablated volume and “steam pop” formation. An ex vivo model consisting of a viable ovine myocardium, an ablation catheter, and a circulating warmed 0.9% NaCl saline solution was used. RFA was conducted while controlling for contact force, electrical power, ablation time, flow rate, irrigation, and catheter tip angle. Irrigation was delivered to the catheter tip manually when indicated. Acoustic transducers were included in the setup to detect preliminary acoustic signals. A total dataset of 567 measurements was taken. Benign precursory signals (hissing and lower-intensity “pops”) were detected by acoustic sensors preceding the occurrence of “steam pops.” Furthermore, a Pearson coefficient of r = 0.809 with P < .01 was shown to exist between the acoustic intensity of a “steam pop” and the ablated lesion volume. RFA powers of 25 and 30 W with a duration of 20 s induced more “steam pops” than ablation powers of ≤20 W with a duration of ≥30 s. There was also an increased probability of “steam pop” formation with the use of a non-irrigated catheter tip, as compared to an irrigated catheter tip. A more acute catheter angle increased the lesion size at powers of 20 and 25 W (r = −0.568 and r = −0.653, both P < .05, respectively). There is a potential benefit of using acoustic sensing as a warning before the occurrence of “steam pops.” Varying power, duration, and catheter tip angle will generate different ablation sizes and need to be tailored to individual needs and procedures.