Hourly organic tracers-based source apportionment of PM(2.5) before and during the Covid-19 lockdown in suburban Shanghai, China: Insights into regional transport influences and response to urban emission reductions

During the Covid-19 outbreak, strict lockdown measures led to notable reductions in transportation-related emissions and significantly altered atmospheric pollution characteristics in urban and suburban areas. In this work, we compare comprehensive online measurements of PM(2.5) major components and organic molecular markers in a suburban location in Shanghai, China before lockdown (Dec. 28, 2019 to Jan. 23, 2020) and during lockdown (Jan. 24 to Feb. 9, 2020). The NO(x) levels declined sharply by 59% from 44 to 18 ppb during the lockdown, while O(3) rose two times higher to 42 ppb. The PM(2.5) level dropped from 64 to 49 μg m(−3) (−24%). The major components all showed reductions, with the reduction of nitrate most prominent at −58%, followed by organics at −19%, and sulfate at −17%. Positive matrix factorization analysis identifies fourteen source factors, including nine primary sources and five secondary sources. The secondary sources consist of sulfate-rich factor, nitrate-rich factor, and three secondary organic aerosol (SOA) factors, with SOA_I being anthropogenic SOA, SOA_II associated with later generation products of organic oxidation, and SOA_III being biogenic SOA. The combined secondary sources contributed to 69% and 63% (40 and 22 μg m(−3)) of PM(2.5) before and during lockdown, respectively, among which the reductions in the nitrate-rich (−55%) factor was the most prominent. Among primary sources, large reductions (>80%) were observed in contributions from industrial, cooking, and vehicle emissions. Unlike some studies reporting that the restriction during the Covid-19 resulted in enhanced secondary sulfate and SOA formation, we observed decreases in both secondary inorganic and SOA formation despite the overall elevated oxidizing capacity in the suburban site. Our results indicate that the formation change in secondary inorganic and organic compounds in response to substantial reductions in urban primary precursors are different for urban and suburban environments.