Interaction of PM(2.5) and pre-pregnancy body mass index on birth weight: A nationwide prospective cohort study

BACKGROUND: Fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)), one of the most common air pollutants worldwide, has been associated with many adverse birth outcomes in some studies. Pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) is an important indicator of maternal obesity that may also contribute to a wide range of birthweight outcomes. Both PM(2.5) and maternal obesity have been found associated with issues on neonatal birthweight respectively, and more attentions and interests are focusing on their combined effect on pregnancy outcomes. PURPOSE: To explore the modifying effect of pre-pregnancy BMI on the association between gestational PM(2.5) and birthweight; to investigate the interactive effect between gestational PM(2.5) and pre-pregnancy BMI on birthweight among pregnant women during three trimesters and the whole pregnancy. METHODS: This nationwide cohort study used the National Free Preconception Health Examination Project (NFPHEP) data collected from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2012. A total population of 248,501 Chinese women from 220 counties registered this project. Pre-pregnancy BMI as a common anthropometric examination was collected during preconception investigation, and gestational PM(2.5) was derived from a hindcast model for historical PM(2.5) estimation from satellite-retrieved aerosol optic depth. Subgroup analysis was conducted to explore a potential modifying effect on the association between PM(2.5) and birthweight during pregnancy by four pre-pregnancy BMI subgroups. Interaction analysis by introducing product terms to multivariable linear regression was also used to examine whether there was an interactive relationship between PM(2.5) and pre-pregnancy BMI. RESULTS: Totally, 193,461 participants were included in our study. The average concentration of PM(2.5) was 75.33 μg/m(3). Higher exposure of PM(2.5) during the entire pregnancy was associated with higher birthweight (17.15 g per 10 μg/m3; 95% CI:16.15, 18.17). Each 10 μg/m(3) increase in PM(2.5) during the first, second, and third trimesters was associated with increases in birthweight by 14.93 g (95%CI: 13.96, 15.89), 13.75 g (95% CI: 12.81, 14.69), and 8.79 g (95% CI: 8.09, 9.49), respectively. Higher pre-pregnancy BMI per kg/m(2) was associated with an increase of birthweight by 7.012 g (95% CI: 6.121, 7.902). Product terms between PM(2.5) and pre-pregnancy BMI were significant for the first, second trimesters, and the entire duration of pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: Our results found both gestational PM(2.5) exposure and pre-pregnancy BMI respectively correlated with the increase of birthweight. A negative interaction between pre-pregnancy BMI and gestational PM(2.5) was discovered in term of birthweight gain. Avoidance of high-dose exposure to PM(2.5) during the early and middle stages of pregnancy and pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity may help prevent high birthweight.