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Molecular characterization and genotype distribution of thioester-containing protein 1 gene in Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes in western Kenya
BACKGROUND: Evolutionary pressures lead to the selection of efficient malaria vectors either resistant or susceptible to Plasmodium parasites. These forces may favour the introduction of species genotypes that adapt to new breeding habitats, potentially having an impact on malaria transmission. Thio...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
BioMed Central
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9364548/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35948910 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12936-022-04256-w |
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author | Onyango, Shirley A. Ochwedo, Kevin O. Machani, Maxwell G. Olumeh, Julius O. Debrah, Isaiah Omondi, Collince J. Ogolla, Sidney O. Lee, Ming-Chieh Zhou, Guofa Kokwaro, Elizabeth Kazura, James W. Afrane, Yaw A. Githeko, Andrew K. Zhong, Daibin Yan, Guiyun |
author_facet | Onyango, Shirley A. Ochwedo, Kevin O. Machani, Maxwell G. Olumeh, Julius O. Debrah, Isaiah Omondi, Collince J. Ogolla, Sidney O. Lee, Ming-Chieh Zhou, Guofa Kokwaro, Elizabeth Kazura, James W. Afrane, Yaw A. Githeko, Andrew K. Zhong, Daibin Yan, Guiyun |
author_sort | Onyango, Shirley A. |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: Evolutionary pressures lead to the selection of efficient malaria vectors either resistant or susceptible to Plasmodium parasites. These forces may favour the introduction of species genotypes that adapt to new breeding habitats, potentially having an impact on malaria transmission. Thioester-containing protein 1 (TEP1) of Anopheles gambiae complex plays an important role in innate immune defenses against parasites. This study aims to characterize the distribution pattern of TEP1 polymorphisms among populations of An. gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) in western Kenya. METHODS: Anopheles gambiae adult and larvae were collected using pyrethrum spray catches (PSC) and plastic dippers respectively from Homa Bay, Kakamega, Bungoma, and Kisumu counties between 2017 and 2020. Collected adults and larvae reared to the adult stage were morphologically identified and then identified to sibling species by PCR. TEP1 alleles were determined in 627 anopheles mosquitoes using restriction fragment length polymorphisms-polymerase chain reaction (RFLP-PCR) and to validate the TEP1 genotyping results, a representative sample of the alleles was sequenced. RESULTS: Two TEP1 alleles (TEP1*S1 and TEP1*R2) and three corresponding genotypes (*S1/S1, *R2/S1, and *R2/R2) were identified. TEP1*S1 and TEP1*R2 with their corresponding genotypes, homozygous *S1/S1 and heterozygous *R2/S1 were widely distributed across all sites with allele frequencies of approximately 80% and 20%, respectively both in Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles arabiensis. There was no significant difference detected among the populations and between the two mosquito species in TEP1 allele frequency and genotype frequency. The overall low levels in population structure (F(ST) = 0.019) across all sites corresponded to an effective migration index (Nm = 12.571) and low Nei’s genetic distance values (< 0.500) among the subpopulation. The comparative fixation index values revealed minimal genetic differentiation between species and high levels of gene flow among populations. CONCLUSION: Genotyping TEP1 has identified two common TEP1 alleles (TEP1*S1 and TEP1*R2) and three corresponding genotypes (*S1/S1, *R2/S1, and *R2/R2) in An. gambiae s.l. The TEP1 allele genetic diversity and population structure are low in western Kenya. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12936-022-04256-w. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9364548 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | BioMed Central |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-93645482022-08-11 Molecular characterization and genotype distribution of thioester-containing protein 1 gene in Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes in western Kenya Onyango, Shirley A. Ochwedo, Kevin O. Machani, Maxwell G. Olumeh, Julius O. Debrah, Isaiah Omondi, Collince J. Ogolla, Sidney O. Lee, Ming-Chieh Zhou, Guofa Kokwaro, Elizabeth Kazura, James W. Afrane, Yaw A. Githeko, Andrew K. Zhong, Daibin Yan, Guiyun Malar J Research BACKGROUND: Evolutionary pressures lead to the selection of efficient malaria vectors either resistant or susceptible to Plasmodium parasites. These forces may favour the introduction of species genotypes that adapt to new breeding habitats, potentially having an impact on malaria transmission. Thioester-containing protein 1 (TEP1) of Anopheles gambiae complex plays an important role in innate immune defenses against parasites. This study aims to characterize the distribution pattern of TEP1 polymorphisms among populations of An. gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) in western Kenya. METHODS: Anopheles gambiae adult and larvae were collected using pyrethrum spray catches (PSC) and plastic dippers respectively from Homa Bay, Kakamega, Bungoma, and Kisumu counties between 2017 and 2020. Collected adults and larvae reared to the adult stage were morphologically identified and then identified to sibling species by PCR. TEP1 alleles were determined in 627 anopheles mosquitoes using restriction fragment length polymorphisms-polymerase chain reaction (RFLP-PCR) and to validate the TEP1 genotyping results, a representative sample of the alleles was sequenced. RESULTS: Two TEP1 alleles (TEP1*S1 and TEP1*R2) and three corresponding genotypes (*S1/S1, *R2/S1, and *R2/R2) were identified. TEP1*S1 and TEP1*R2 with their corresponding genotypes, homozygous *S1/S1 and heterozygous *R2/S1 were widely distributed across all sites with allele frequencies of approximately 80% and 20%, respectively both in Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles arabiensis. There was no significant difference detected among the populations and between the two mosquito species in TEP1 allele frequency and genotype frequency. The overall low levels in population structure (F(ST) = 0.019) across all sites corresponded to an effective migration index (Nm = 12.571) and low Nei’s genetic distance values (< 0.500) among the subpopulation. The comparative fixation index values revealed minimal genetic differentiation between species and high levels of gene flow among populations. CONCLUSION: Genotyping TEP1 has identified two common TEP1 alleles (TEP1*S1 and TEP1*R2) and three corresponding genotypes (*S1/S1, *R2/S1, and *R2/R2) in An. gambiae s.l. The TEP1 allele genetic diversity and population structure are low in western Kenya. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12936-022-04256-w. BioMed Central 2022-08-10 /pmc/articles/PMC9364548/ /pubmed/35948910 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12936-022-04256-w Text en © The Author(s) 2022 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. |
spellingShingle | Research Onyango, Shirley A. Ochwedo, Kevin O. Machani, Maxwell G. Olumeh, Julius O. Debrah, Isaiah Omondi, Collince J. Ogolla, Sidney O. Lee, Ming-Chieh Zhou, Guofa Kokwaro, Elizabeth Kazura, James W. Afrane, Yaw A. Githeko, Andrew K. Zhong, Daibin Yan, Guiyun Molecular characterization and genotype distribution of thioester-containing protein 1 gene in Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes in western Kenya |
title | Molecular characterization and genotype distribution of thioester-containing protein 1 gene in Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes in western Kenya |
title_full | Molecular characterization and genotype distribution of thioester-containing protein 1 gene in Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes in western Kenya |
title_fullStr | Molecular characterization and genotype distribution of thioester-containing protein 1 gene in Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes in western Kenya |
title_full_unstemmed | Molecular characterization and genotype distribution of thioester-containing protein 1 gene in Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes in western Kenya |
title_short | Molecular characterization and genotype distribution of thioester-containing protein 1 gene in Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes in western Kenya |
title_sort | molecular characterization and genotype distribution of thioester-containing protein 1 gene in anopheles gambiae mosquitoes in western kenya |
topic | Research |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9364548/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35948910 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12936-022-04256-w |
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