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Spatio-temporal epidemiology of animal and human rabies in northern South Africa between 1998 and 2017

BACKGROUND: Rabies is a fatal zoonotic disease that is maintained in domestic dogs and wildlife populations in the Republic of South Africa. A retrospective study was conducted to improve understanding of the dynamics of rabies in humans, domestic dogs, and wildlife species, in relation to the ecolo...

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Autores principales: Mogano, Kgaogelo, Suzuki, Toru, Mohale, Debrah, Phahladira, Baby, Ngoepe, Ernest, Kamata, Yusuke, Chirima, George, Sabeta, Claude, Makita, Kohei
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Public Library of Science 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9365189/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35905140
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010464
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author Mogano, Kgaogelo
Suzuki, Toru
Mohale, Debrah
Phahladira, Baby
Ngoepe, Ernest
Kamata, Yusuke
Chirima, George
Sabeta, Claude
Makita, Kohei
author_facet Mogano, Kgaogelo
Suzuki, Toru
Mohale, Debrah
Phahladira, Baby
Ngoepe, Ernest
Kamata, Yusuke
Chirima, George
Sabeta, Claude
Makita, Kohei
author_sort Mogano, Kgaogelo
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND: Rabies is a fatal zoonotic disease that is maintained in domestic dogs and wildlife populations in the Republic of South Africa. A retrospective study was conducted to improve understanding of the dynamics of rabies in humans, domestic dogs, and wildlife species, in relation to the ecology for three northern provinces of South Africa (Limpopo, Mpumalanga, and North-West) between 1998 and 2017. METHODS: A descriptive epidemiology study was conducted for human and animal rabies. Dog rabies cases were analyzed using spatio-temporal scan statistics. The reproductive number (R(t)) was estimated for the identified disease clusters. A phylogenetic tree was constructed based on the genome sequences of rabies viruses isolated from dogs, jackals, and an African civet, and Bayesian evolutionary analysis using a strict time clock model. Several ecological and socio-economic variables associated with dog rabies were modeled using univariate analyses with zero-inflated negative binomial regression and multivariable spatial analyses using the integrated nested Laplace approximation for two time periods: 1998–2002 and 2008–2012. RESULTS: Human rabies cases increased in 2006 following an increase in dog rabies cases; however, the human cases declined in the next year while dog rabies cases fluctuated. Ten disease clusters of dog rabies were identified, and utilizing the phylogenetic tree, the dynamics of animal rabies over 20 years was elucidated. In 2006, a virus strain that re-emerged in eastern Limpopo Province caused the large and persistent dog rabies outbreaks in Limpopo and Mpumalanga Provinces. Several clusters included a rabies virus variant maintained in jackals in Limpopo Province, and the other variant in dogs widely distributed. The widely distributed variant maintained in jackal populations in North-West Province caused an outbreak in dogs in 2014. The R(t) was high when the disease clusters were associated with either multiple virus strains or multiple animal species. High-risk areas included Limpopo and Mpumalanga Provinces characterized by woodlands and high temperatures and precipitation. CONCLUSION: Canine rabies was maintained mainly in dog populations but was also associated with jackal species. Rural communities in Limpopo and Mpumalanga Provinces were at high risk of canine rabies originating from dogs.
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spelling pubmed-93651892022-08-11 Spatio-temporal epidemiology of animal and human rabies in northern South Africa between 1998 and 2017 Mogano, Kgaogelo Suzuki, Toru Mohale, Debrah Phahladira, Baby Ngoepe, Ernest Kamata, Yusuke Chirima, George Sabeta, Claude Makita, Kohei PLoS Negl Trop Dis Research Article BACKGROUND: Rabies is a fatal zoonotic disease that is maintained in domestic dogs and wildlife populations in the Republic of South Africa. A retrospective study was conducted to improve understanding of the dynamics of rabies in humans, domestic dogs, and wildlife species, in relation to the ecology for three northern provinces of South Africa (Limpopo, Mpumalanga, and North-West) between 1998 and 2017. METHODS: A descriptive epidemiology study was conducted for human and animal rabies. Dog rabies cases were analyzed using spatio-temporal scan statistics. The reproductive number (R(t)) was estimated for the identified disease clusters. A phylogenetic tree was constructed based on the genome sequences of rabies viruses isolated from dogs, jackals, and an African civet, and Bayesian evolutionary analysis using a strict time clock model. Several ecological and socio-economic variables associated with dog rabies were modeled using univariate analyses with zero-inflated negative binomial regression and multivariable spatial analyses using the integrated nested Laplace approximation for two time periods: 1998–2002 and 2008–2012. RESULTS: Human rabies cases increased in 2006 following an increase in dog rabies cases; however, the human cases declined in the next year while dog rabies cases fluctuated. Ten disease clusters of dog rabies were identified, and utilizing the phylogenetic tree, the dynamics of animal rabies over 20 years was elucidated. In 2006, a virus strain that re-emerged in eastern Limpopo Province caused the large and persistent dog rabies outbreaks in Limpopo and Mpumalanga Provinces. Several clusters included a rabies virus variant maintained in jackals in Limpopo Province, and the other variant in dogs widely distributed. The widely distributed variant maintained in jackal populations in North-West Province caused an outbreak in dogs in 2014. The R(t) was high when the disease clusters were associated with either multiple virus strains or multiple animal species. High-risk areas included Limpopo and Mpumalanga Provinces characterized by woodlands and high temperatures and precipitation. CONCLUSION: Canine rabies was maintained mainly in dog populations but was also associated with jackal species. Rural communities in Limpopo and Mpumalanga Provinces were at high risk of canine rabies originating from dogs. Public Library of Science 2022-07-29 /pmc/articles/PMC9365189/ /pubmed/35905140 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010464 Text en © 2022 Mogano et al https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
spellingShingle Research Article
Mogano, Kgaogelo
Suzuki, Toru
Mohale, Debrah
Phahladira, Baby
Ngoepe, Ernest
Kamata, Yusuke
Chirima, George
Sabeta, Claude
Makita, Kohei
Spatio-temporal epidemiology of animal and human rabies in northern South Africa between 1998 and 2017
title Spatio-temporal epidemiology of animal and human rabies in northern South Africa between 1998 and 2017
title_full Spatio-temporal epidemiology of animal and human rabies in northern South Africa between 1998 and 2017
title_fullStr Spatio-temporal epidemiology of animal and human rabies in northern South Africa between 1998 and 2017
title_full_unstemmed Spatio-temporal epidemiology of animal and human rabies in northern South Africa between 1998 and 2017
title_short Spatio-temporal epidemiology of animal and human rabies in northern South Africa between 1998 and 2017
title_sort spatio-temporal epidemiology of animal and human rabies in northern south africa between 1998 and 2017
topic Research Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9365189/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35905140
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010464
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