Criticality-related fundamental bases for new generations of gas–liquid, liquid–liquid, and liquid (LE) extraction technologies

ABSTRACT: The report presents experimental results, which can be considered as the reference for innovative generations of supercritical fluids (SCF), liquid–liquid (LL), and liquid (L) extraction technologies. They are related to implementations of Critical Phenomena Physics, for such applications not considered so far. For the gas–liquid critical point, the shift SuperCritical Fluids (SCF) ⇒ SubCritical Fluids, due to the additional exogenic impact of ultrasounds, is indicated. For LL technology, the possibility of increasing process effectiveness when operating near the critical consolute under pressure is indicated. Finally, the discovery of long-range precritical-type changes of dielectric constant in linseed oil, standing even 50 K above the melting temperature, is presented. It suggests that extraction processes linking ‘SCF’ and ‘L’ technologies features and exploring the natural carrier, such as linseed oil, are possible. The report recalls the fundamental base for extraction processes via Kirkwood and Noyes–Whitney relations and presents their implementations to ‘critical conditions,’ including pressure. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: [Image: see text]