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Epidemiology of malaria and anemia in high and low malaria-endemic North-Eastern districts of India

Anemia and malaria are the two major public health problems that lead to substantial morbidity and mortality. Malaria infection destroys erythrocytes, resulting in low hemoglobin (Hb) levels known as anemia. Here we report the determinants of anemia in high and low malaria-endemic areas that would h...

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Autores principales: Shankar, Hari, Singh, Mrigendra Pal, Hussain, Syed Shah Areeb, Phookan, Sobhan, Singh, Kuldeep, Mishra, Neelima
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9366887/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35968433
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.940898
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author Shankar, Hari
Singh, Mrigendra Pal
Hussain, Syed Shah Areeb
Phookan, Sobhan
Singh, Kuldeep
Mishra, Neelima
author_facet Shankar, Hari
Singh, Mrigendra Pal
Hussain, Syed Shah Areeb
Phookan, Sobhan
Singh, Kuldeep
Mishra, Neelima
author_sort Shankar, Hari
collection PubMed
description Anemia and malaria are the two major public health problems that lead to substantial morbidity and mortality. Malaria infection destroys erythrocytes, resulting in low hemoglobin (Hb) levels known as anemia. Here we report the determinants of anemia in high and low malaria-endemic areas that would help understand which parasite densities, age, and gender-associated low Hb levels. Therefore, a cross-sectional mass survey (n = 8,233) was conducted to screen anemia and malaria in high and low malaria-endemic districts (HMED and LMED) of North-East India. Axillary body temperature was measured using a digital thermometer. The prevalence of anemia was found to be 55.3% (4,547/8,233), of which 45.1% had mild (2,049/4,547), 52.1% moderate (2,367/4,547) and 2.9% had severe anemia (131/4,547). Among anemic, 70.8% (3,219/4,547) resided in LMED and the rest in HMED. The median age of the anemic population was 12 years (IQR: 7–30). Overall, malaria positivity was 8.9% (734/8,233), of which HMED shared 79.6% (584/734) and LMED 20.4% (150/734) malaria burden. The village-wise malaria frequency was concordant to asymptomatic malaria (10–20%), which showed that apparently all of the malaria cases were asymptomatic in HMED. LMED population had significantly lower Hb than HMED [standardized beta (β) = −0.067, p < 0.0001] and low-density Plasmodium infections had higher Hb levels than high-density infections (β = 0.113; p = 0.031). Women of reproductive age had higher odds for malaria (OR: 1.42; 95% CI: 1.00–2.05; p = 0.04). Females (β = −0.193; p < 0.0001) and febrile individuals (β = −0.029; p = 0.008) have shown lower Hb levels, but malaria positivity did not show any effect on Hb. Young children and women of reproductive age are prone to anemia and malaria. Although there was no relation between malaria with the occurrence of anemia, we found low-density Plasmodium infections, female gender, and LMED were potential determinants of Hb.
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spelling pubmed-93668872022-08-12 Epidemiology of malaria and anemia in high and low malaria-endemic North-Eastern districts of India Shankar, Hari Singh, Mrigendra Pal Hussain, Syed Shah Areeb Phookan, Sobhan Singh, Kuldeep Mishra, Neelima Front Public Health Public Health Anemia and malaria are the two major public health problems that lead to substantial morbidity and mortality. Malaria infection destroys erythrocytes, resulting in low hemoglobin (Hb) levels known as anemia. Here we report the determinants of anemia in high and low malaria-endemic areas that would help understand which parasite densities, age, and gender-associated low Hb levels. Therefore, a cross-sectional mass survey (n = 8,233) was conducted to screen anemia and malaria in high and low malaria-endemic districts (HMED and LMED) of North-East India. Axillary body temperature was measured using a digital thermometer. The prevalence of anemia was found to be 55.3% (4,547/8,233), of which 45.1% had mild (2,049/4,547), 52.1% moderate (2,367/4,547) and 2.9% had severe anemia (131/4,547). Among anemic, 70.8% (3,219/4,547) resided in LMED and the rest in HMED. The median age of the anemic population was 12 years (IQR: 7–30). Overall, malaria positivity was 8.9% (734/8,233), of which HMED shared 79.6% (584/734) and LMED 20.4% (150/734) malaria burden. The village-wise malaria frequency was concordant to asymptomatic malaria (10–20%), which showed that apparently all of the malaria cases were asymptomatic in HMED. LMED population had significantly lower Hb than HMED [standardized beta (β) = −0.067, p < 0.0001] and low-density Plasmodium infections had higher Hb levels than high-density infections (β = 0.113; p = 0.031). Women of reproductive age had higher odds for malaria (OR: 1.42; 95% CI: 1.00–2.05; p = 0.04). Females (β = −0.193; p < 0.0001) and febrile individuals (β = −0.029; p = 0.008) have shown lower Hb levels, but malaria positivity did not show any effect on Hb. Young children and women of reproductive age are prone to anemia and malaria. Although there was no relation between malaria with the occurrence of anemia, we found low-density Plasmodium infections, female gender, and LMED were potential determinants of Hb. Frontiers Media S.A. 2022-07-28 /pmc/articles/PMC9366887/ /pubmed/35968433 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.940898 Text en Copyright © 2022 Shankar, Singh, Hussain, Phookan, Singh and Mishra. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Public Health
Shankar, Hari
Singh, Mrigendra Pal
Hussain, Syed Shah Areeb
Phookan, Sobhan
Singh, Kuldeep
Mishra, Neelima
Epidemiology of malaria and anemia in high and low malaria-endemic North-Eastern districts of India
title Epidemiology of malaria and anemia in high and low malaria-endemic North-Eastern districts of India
title_full Epidemiology of malaria and anemia in high and low malaria-endemic North-Eastern districts of India
title_fullStr Epidemiology of malaria and anemia in high and low malaria-endemic North-Eastern districts of India
title_full_unstemmed Epidemiology of malaria and anemia in high and low malaria-endemic North-Eastern districts of India
title_short Epidemiology of malaria and anemia in high and low malaria-endemic North-Eastern districts of India
title_sort epidemiology of malaria and anemia in high and low malaria-endemic north-eastern districts of india
topic Public Health
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9366887/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35968433
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.940898
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