Influences of Permeate Solution and Feed pH on Enhancement of Ammonia Recovery from Wastewater by Negatively Charged PTFE Membranes in Direct Contact Membrane Distillation Operation

[Image: see text] This research investigated the feasibility of enhancing ammonia recovery from wastewater using a negatively charged poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) membrane in a direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) system. The influences of phosphate solution types (as the permeate solutions) and feed pH on ammonia recovery were analyzed. Three types of permeate solutions—DI water and two types of phosphate solutions (H(3)PO(4) and KH(2)PO(4))—were investigated for recovery of ammonia gas on the permeate side. From the obtained results, the H(3)PO(4) solution was found to be the most suitable permeate solution to recover ammonia gas in the DCMD operation with the highest overall ammonia mass transfer coefficient of 7.4 × 10(–5) m/s, compared to values of 1.2 × 10(–5) and 2.4 × 10(–5) m/s for DI water and KH(2)PO(4) solution, respectively. Moreover, an increase in the H(3)PO(4) concentration from 0.3 to 0.5 M in the permeate solution also could significantly enhance ammonia recovery. With an increase in the feed pH from 10.0 to 11.8, the ammonia recovery could be enhanced to 92.98% at a pH of 11.8. Liquid ammonium phosphate fertilizer could be produced by the DCMD system with the use of 0.5 M H(3)PO(4) solution. Therefore, the DCMD process using a negatively charged PTFE membrane with an appropriate permeate solution is one of the challenging processes for ammonia recovery from wastewater to promote the circular economy concept.