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Immunological Tolerance in Liver Transplant Recipients: Putative Involvement of Neuroendocrine-Immune Interactions
The transplantation world changed significantly following the introduction of immunosuppressants, with millions of people saved. Several physicians have noted that liver recipients that do not take their medication for different reasons became tolerant regarding kidney, heart, and lung transplantati...
Autores principales: | , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9367574/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35954171 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11152327 |
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author | Gama, Jaciara Fernanda Gomes Cardoso, Liana Monteiro da Fonseca Bisaggio, Rodrigo da Cunha Lagrota-Candido, Jussara Henriques-Pons, Andrea Alves, Luiz A. |
author_facet | Gama, Jaciara Fernanda Gomes Cardoso, Liana Monteiro da Fonseca Bisaggio, Rodrigo da Cunha Lagrota-Candido, Jussara Henriques-Pons, Andrea Alves, Luiz A. |
author_sort | Gama, Jaciara Fernanda Gomes |
collection | PubMed |
description | The transplantation world changed significantly following the introduction of immunosuppressants, with millions of people saved. Several physicians have noted that liver recipients that do not take their medication for different reasons became tolerant regarding kidney, heart, and lung transplantations at higher frequencies. Most studies have attempted to explain this phenomenon through unique immunological mechanisms and the fact that the hepatic environment is continuously exposed to high levels of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or non-pathogenic microorganism-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) from commensal flora. These components are highly inflammatory in the periphery but tolerated in the liver as part of the normal components that arrive via the hepatic portal vein. These immunological mechanisms are discussed herein based on current evidence, although we hypothesize the participation of neuroendocrine-immune pathways, which have played a relevant role in autoimmune diseases. Cells found in the liver present receptors for several cytokines, hormones, peptides, and neurotransmitters that would allow for system crosstalk. Furthermore, the liver is innervated by the autonomic system and may, thus, be influenced by the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems. This review therefore seeks to discuss classical immunological hepatic tolerance mechanisms and hypothesizes the possible participation of the neuroendocrine-immune system based on the current literature. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9367574 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-93675742022-08-12 Immunological Tolerance in Liver Transplant Recipients: Putative Involvement of Neuroendocrine-Immune Interactions Gama, Jaciara Fernanda Gomes Cardoso, Liana Monteiro da Fonseca Bisaggio, Rodrigo da Cunha Lagrota-Candido, Jussara Henriques-Pons, Andrea Alves, Luiz A. Cells Review The transplantation world changed significantly following the introduction of immunosuppressants, with millions of people saved. Several physicians have noted that liver recipients that do not take their medication for different reasons became tolerant regarding kidney, heart, and lung transplantations at higher frequencies. Most studies have attempted to explain this phenomenon through unique immunological mechanisms and the fact that the hepatic environment is continuously exposed to high levels of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or non-pathogenic microorganism-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) from commensal flora. These components are highly inflammatory in the periphery but tolerated in the liver as part of the normal components that arrive via the hepatic portal vein. These immunological mechanisms are discussed herein based on current evidence, although we hypothesize the participation of neuroendocrine-immune pathways, which have played a relevant role in autoimmune diseases. Cells found in the liver present receptors for several cytokines, hormones, peptides, and neurotransmitters that would allow for system crosstalk. Furthermore, the liver is innervated by the autonomic system and may, thus, be influenced by the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems. This review therefore seeks to discuss classical immunological hepatic tolerance mechanisms and hypothesizes the possible participation of the neuroendocrine-immune system based on the current literature. MDPI 2022-07-29 /pmc/articles/PMC9367574/ /pubmed/35954171 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11152327 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Gama, Jaciara Fernanda Gomes Cardoso, Liana Monteiro da Fonseca Bisaggio, Rodrigo da Cunha Lagrota-Candido, Jussara Henriques-Pons, Andrea Alves, Luiz A. Immunological Tolerance in Liver Transplant Recipients: Putative Involvement of Neuroendocrine-Immune Interactions |
title | Immunological Tolerance in Liver Transplant Recipients: Putative Involvement of Neuroendocrine-Immune Interactions |
title_full | Immunological Tolerance in Liver Transplant Recipients: Putative Involvement of Neuroendocrine-Immune Interactions |
title_fullStr | Immunological Tolerance in Liver Transplant Recipients: Putative Involvement of Neuroendocrine-Immune Interactions |
title_full_unstemmed | Immunological Tolerance in Liver Transplant Recipients: Putative Involvement of Neuroendocrine-Immune Interactions |
title_short | Immunological Tolerance in Liver Transplant Recipients: Putative Involvement of Neuroendocrine-Immune Interactions |
title_sort | immunological tolerance in liver transplant recipients: putative involvement of neuroendocrine-immune interactions |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9367574/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35954171 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11152327 |
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