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Groundwater Quality Assessment in the Northern Part of Changchun City, Northeast China, Using PIG and Two Improved PIG Methods
As a numerical indicator, the pollution index of groundwater (PIG) has gained a great deal of popularity in quantifying groundwater quality for drinking purposes. However, its weight-determination procedure is rather subjective due to the absolute dependence on experts’ experience. To make the evalu...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9368171/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35954956 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159603 |
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author | Wang, Xinkang Xiao, Changlai Liang, Xiujuan Li, Mingqian |
author_facet | Wang, Xinkang Xiao, Changlai Liang, Xiujuan Li, Mingqian |
author_sort | Wang, Xinkang |
collection | PubMed |
description | As a numerical indicator, the pollution index of groundwater (PIG) has gained a great deal of popularity in quantifying groundwater quality for drinking purposes. However, its weight-determination procedure is rather subjective due to the absolute dependence on experts’ experience. To make the evaluation results more accurate and convincing, two improved PIG models (CRITIC-PIG and Entropy-PIG) that integrate subjective weights and objective weights were designed, and they were employed to appraise groundwater suitability for drinking purposes in the northern part of Changchun City. A total of 48 water samples (34 unconfined water samples and 14 confined water samples) with abundances of Ca(2+) and HCO(3)(−) were collected and tested to obtain the data for the analyses. The results showed that 60.4%, 47.9% and 60.4% of the water samples manifested insignificant pollution and were marginally potable based on the values of the PIG, CRITIC-PIG and Entropy-PIG, respectively. Though 48% of the water samples had different evaluation results, their level difference was mostly 1, which is relatively acceptable. The distribution maps of the three sets of PIG values demonstrated that the quality of groundwater was the best in Dehui City and the worst in Nongan County. Groundwater contamination in the study area was mainly caused by the high concentrations of TDS, TH, Fe(3+), F(−) and NO(3)(−), which not only came from geogenic sources but also anthropogenic sources. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9368171 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-93681712022-08-12 Groundwater Quality Assessment in the Northern Part of Changchun City, Northeast China, Using PIG and Two Improved PIG Methods Wang, Xinkang Xiao, Changlai Liang, Xiujuan Li, Mingqian Int J Environ Res Public Health Article As a numerical indicator, the pollution index of groundwater (PIG) has gained a great deal of popularity in quantifying groundwater quality for drinking purposes. However, its weight-determination procedure is rather subjective due to the absolute dependence on experts’ experience. To make the evaluation results more accurate and convincing, two improved PIG models (CRITIC-PIG and Entropy-PIG) that integrate subjective weights and objective weights were designed, and they were employed to appraise groundwater suitability for drinking purposes in the northern part of Changchun City. A total of 48 water samples (34 unconfined water samples and 14 confined water samples) with abundances of Ca(2+) and HCO(3)(−) were collected and tested to obtain the data for the analyses. The results showed that 60.4%, 47.9% and 60.4% of the water samples manifested insignificant pollution and were marginally potable based on the values of the PIG, CRITIC-PIG and Entropy-PIG, respectively. Though 48% of the water samples had different evaluation results, their level difference was mostly 1, which is relatively acceptable. The distribution maps of the three sets of PIG values demonstrated that the quality of groundwater was the best in Dehui City and the worst in Nongan County. Groundwater contamination in the study area was mainly caused by the high concentrations of TDS, TH, Fe(3+), F(−) and NO(3)(−), which not only came from geogenic sources but also anthropogenic sources. MDPI 2022-08-04 /pmc/articles/PMC9368171/ /pubmed/35954956 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159603 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Wang, Xinkang Xiao, Changlai Liang, Xiujuan Li, Mingqian Groundwater Quality Assessment in the Northern Part of Changchun City, Northeast China, Using PIG and Two Improved PIG Methods |
title | Groundwater Quality Assessment in the Northern Part of Changchun City, Northeast China, Using PIG and Two Improved PIG Methods |
title_full | Groundwater Quality Assessment in the Northern Part of Changchun City, Northeast China, Using PIG and Two Improved PIG Methods |
title_fullStr | Groundwater Quality Assessment in the Northern Part of Changchun City, Northeast China, Using PIG and Two Improved PIG Methods |
title_full_unstemmed | Groundwater Quality Assessment in the Northern Part of Changchun City, Northeast China, Using PIG and Two Improved PIG Methods |
title_short | Groundwater Quality Assessment in the Northern Part of Changchun City, Northeast China, Using PIG and Two Improved PIG Methods |
title_sort | groundwater quality assessment in the northern part of changchun city, northeast china, using pig and two improved pig methods |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9368171/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35954956 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159603 |
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