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Compulsory School Achievement and Future Gambling Expenditure: A Finnish Population-Based Study
Background: Gambling is associated with many conditions that can compromise young people’s health and wellbeing, such as substance use and poor school achievement. Conversely, low school achievement can be linked to lower socio-economic position. Thus, the aim of this study is to examine whether com...
Autores principales: | , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9368297/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35954800 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159444 |
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author | Latvala, Tiina Salonen, Anne H. Roukka, Tomi |
author_facet | Latvala, Tiina Salonen, Anne H. Roukka, Tomi |
author_sort | Latvala, Tiina |
collection | PubMed |
description | Background: Gambling is associated with many conditions that can compromise young people’s health and wellbeing, such as substance use and poor school achievement. Conversely, low school achievement can be linked to lower socio-economic position. Thus, the aim of this study is to examine whether compulsory school achievement is linked with gambling participation and gambling expenditure (GE) later in youth and whether GE is linked with lower socio-economic position. Methods: The Finnish Gambling Harms survey data (n = 7186) were used. The data were collected in three regions during spring 2017. Participants aged 18–29 years old were selected from the data. Past-year GE was examined using two measures: weekly gambling expenditure (WGE, in €) and relative gambling expenditure (RGE, in %). Logistic regression and log-linear regression models for past-year gambling, WGE and RGE were created. Results: Persons who had no more than a mediocre grade point average (GPA) had a 25% higher WGE and 30% higher RGE in 2016 than those who had an outstanding GPA in the compulsory school. Compared with persons with an outstanding GPA, those with a satisfactory to very good GPA spent 13% more on gambling, and their RGE was 17% higher. Additionally, those with lower socio-economic status (SES) had a higher WGE and RGE compared with higher SES. Conclusions: Even after controlling for other crucial background characteristics, early life success, in the form of compulsory school outcomes, seems to correlate with gambling expenditures later in youth. This suggests that the gambling behaviour can be linked to the cognitive ability of an individual. Our findings also imply that gambling could be more heavily concentrated on individuals that are already more socially disadvantaged. However, it is worth noting that individual factors such as traumas, antisocial personality, anxiety and depression are all associated with gambling and poor academic achievement. Overall, this suggests that various educational tools at a younger age can be effective in preventing gambling-related problems in later life. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9368297 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-93682972022-08-12 Compulsory School Achievement and Future Gambling Expenditure: A Finnish Population-Based Study Latvala, Tiina Salonen, Anne H. Roukka, Tomi Int J Environ Res Public Health Article Background: Gambling is associated with many conditions that can compromise young people’s health and wellbeing, such as substance use and poor school achievement. Conversely, low school achievement can be linked to lower socio-economic position. Thus, the aim of this study is to examine whether compulsory school achievement is linked with gambling participation and gambling expenditure (GE) later in youth and whether GE is linked with lower socio-economic position. Methods: The Finnish Gambling Harms survey data (n = 7186) were used. The data were collected in three regions during spring 2017. Participants aged 18–29 years old were selected from the data. Past-year GE was examined using two measures: weekly gambling expenditure (WGE, in €) and relative gambling expenditure (RGE, in %). Logistic regression and log-linear regression models for past-year gambling, WGE and RGE were created. Results: Persons who had no more than a mediocre grade point average (GPA) had a 25% higher WGE and 30% higher RGE in 2016 than those who had an outstanding GPA in the compulsory school. Compared with persons with an outstanding GPA, those with a satisfactory to very good GPA spent 13% more on gambling, and their RGE was 17% higher. Additionally, those with lower socio-economic status (SES) had a higher WGE and RGE compared with higher SES. Conclusions: Even after controlling for other crucial background characteristics, early life success, in the form of compulsory school outcomes, seems to correlate with gambling expenditures later in youth. This suggests that the gambling behaviour can be linked to the cognitive ability of an individual. Our findings also imply that gambling could be more heavily concentrated on individuals that are already more socially disadvantaged. However, it is worth noting that individual factors such as traumas, antisocial personality, anxiety and depression are all associated with gambling and poor academic achievement. Overall, this suggests that various educational tools at a younger age can be effective in preventing gambling-related problems in later life. MDPI 2022-08-01 /pmc/articles/PMC9368297/ /pubmed/35954800 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159444 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Latvala, Tiina Salonen, Anne H. Roukka, Tomi Compulsory School Achievement and Future Gambling Expenditure: A Finnish Population-Based Study |
title | Compulsory School Achievement and Future Gambling Expenditure: A Finnish Population-Based Study |
title_full | Compulsory School Achievement and Future Gambling Expenditure: A Finnish Population-Based Study |
title_fullStr | Compulsory School Achievement and Future Gambling Expenditure: A Finnish Population-Based Study |
title_full_unstemmed | Compulsory School Achievement and Future Gambling Expenditure: A Finnish Population-Based Study |
title_short | Compulsory School Achievement and Future Gambling Expenditure: A Finnish Population-Based Study |
title_sort | compulsory school achievement and future gambling expenditure: a finnish population-based study |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9368297/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35954800 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159444 |
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