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Samurai in Japan: Class System-Related Morphological Differences in Maxillofacial Regions in the Edo Period
Previous studies have reported that compared to commoners in Japan’s Edo period, samurai had long heads, more dental irregularities, and slightly worn teeth. However, these studies did not measure the mandible or only measured length. Angular analysis is essential to evaluate the maxillofacial morph...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9368385/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35954537 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159182 |
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author | Kawada, Masako Shimizu, Yasuhiro Kanazawa, Eisaku Ono, Takashi |
author_facet | Kawada, Masako Shimizu, Yasuhiro Kanazawa, Eisaku Ono, Takashi |
author_sort | Kawada, Masako |
collection | PubMed |
description | Previous studies have reported that compared to commoners in Japan’s Edo period, samurai had long heads, more dental irregularities, and slightly worn teeth. However, these studies did not measure the mandible or only measured length. Angular analysis is essential to evaluate the maxillofacial morphology, but there are no comparative studies of samurai and commoners. This study explored the differences in maxillofacial morphology between samurai and commoners in the Edo period. Thirty male skeletons (samurai) and thirty-eight male skeletons (commoners) were used as materials from the National Museum of Nature and Science. The selected specimens were adults aged between 20 and 59 years without serious skeletal damage and with stable occlusion of the molars. We used three-dimensional scanning to measure the specimens’ skeletal, alveolar, and facial widths. The mandibular plane angle and the gonial angle were significantly larger in the samurai than in the commoners. The ratio of the intermandibular first molars, interzygomatic arch, and mandibular width was significantly shorter in the samurai than in the commoners. The samurai had a high angle tendency and smaller mandibular width than the commoners, reflecting the class system. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9368385 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-93683852022-08-12 Samurai in Japan: Class System-Related Morphological Differences in Maxillofacial Regions in the Edo Period Kawada, Masako Shimizu, Yasuhiro Kanazawa, Eisaku Ono, Takashi Int J Environ Res Public Health Article Previous studies have reported that compared to commoners in Japan’s Edo period, samurai had long heads, more dental irregularities, and slightly worn teeth. However, these studies did not measure the mandible or only measured length. Angular analysis is essential to evaluate the maxillofacial morphology, but there are no comparative studies of samurai and commoners. This study explored the differences in maxillofacial morphology between samurai and commoners in the Edo period. Thirty male skeletons (samurai) and thirty-eight male skeletons (commoners) were used as materials from the National Museum of Nature and Science. The selected specimens were adults aged between 20 and 59 years without serious skeletal damage and with stable occlusion of the molars. We used three-dimensional scanning to measure the specimens’ skeletal, alveolar, and facial widths. The mandibular plane angle and the gonial angle were significantly larger in the samurai than in the commoners. The ratio of the intermandibular first molars, interzygomatic arch, and mandibular width was significantly shorter in the samurai than in the commoners. The samurai had a high angle tendency and smaller mandibular width than the commoners, reflecting the class system. MDPI 2022-07-27 /pmc/articles/PMC9368385/ /pubmed/35954537 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159182 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Kawada, Masako Shimizu, Yasuhiro Kanazawa, Eisaku Ono, Takashi Samurai in Japan: Class System-Related Morphological Differences in Maxillofacial Regions in the Edo Period |
title | Samurai in Japan: Class System-Related Morphological Differences in Maxillofacial Regions in the Edo Period |
title_full | Samurai in Japan: Class System-Related Morphological Differences in Maxillofacial Regions in the Edo Period |
title_fullStr | Samurai in Japan: Class System-Related Morphological Differences in Maxillofacial Regions in the Edo Period |
title_full_unstemmed | Samurai in Japan: Class System-Related Morphological Differences in Maxillofacial Regions in the Edo Period |
title_short | Samurai in Japan: Class System-Related Morphological Differences in Maxillofacial Regions in the Edo Period |
title_sort | samurai in japan: class system-related morphological differences in maxillofacial regions in the edo period |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9368385/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35954537 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159182 |
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