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Application of a New Alloy and Post Processing Procedures for Laser Cladding Repairs on Hypereutectoid Rail Components
The development of a laser cladding repair strategy is critical for the continued growth of heavy-haul railway networks. Premium hypereutectoid rails have undergone laser cladding using a new martensitic stainless-steel alloy, 415SS, developed for high carbon rails after standard cladding metals wer...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9369482/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35955387 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15155447 |
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author | Kendall, Olivia Fasihi, Panahsadat Abrahams, Ralph Paradowska, Anna Reid, Mark Lai, Quan Qiu, Cong Mutton, Peter Soodi, Mehdi Yan, Wenyi |
author_facet | Kendall, Olivia Fasihi, Panahsadat Abrahams, Ralph Paradowska, Anna Reid, Mark Lai, Quan Qiu, Cong Mutton, Peter Soodi, Mehdi Yan, Wenyi |
author_sort | Kendall, Olivia |
collection | PubMed |
description | The development of a laser cladding repair strategy is critical for the continued growth of heavy-haul railway networks. Premium hypereutectoid rails have undergone laser cladding using a new martensitic stainless-steel alloy, 415SS, developed for high carbon rails after standard cladding metals were found to be incompatible. Non-destructive neutron diffraction techniques were used to measure the residual stress in different layers generated across a dissimilar metal joint during laser cladding. The internal stress distribution across the cladding, heat-affected zone (HAZ), and substrate was measured in the untempered rail, after 350 °C and 540 °C heat treatment procedures and two surface grinding operations. The martensitic 415SS depositions produce compressive stress in the cladding, regardless of tempering procedures, which may inhibit fatigue crack propagation whilst grinding operations locally relive surface stress. Balancing tensile stresses were recorded below the fusion boundary in the HAZ due to thermal gradients altering the microstructure. The combination of 540 °C tempering and 0.5 mm surface layer removal produced a desirable combination of compression in the cladding deposition with significantly reduced tensile stresses in the HAZ. A comparison with the current literature shows that this alloy achieves a unique combination of desirable hardness, low tensile stress, and compression in the cladding layer. Data obtained during strain scanning has been used to determine the location of microstructural changes at the fusion boundary and HAZ through correlation of the stress, strain, full width at half maximum (FWHM), and intensity profiles. Therefore, neutron diffraction can be used for both the accurate measurement of internal residual stress and to obtain microstructural information of a metallurgical join non-destructively. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9369482 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-93694822022-08-12 Application of a New Alloy and Post Processing Procedures for Laser Cladding Repairs on Hypereutectoid Rail Components Kendall, Olivia Fasihi, Panahsadat Abrahams, Ralph Paradowska, Anna Reid, Mark Lai, Quan Qiu, Cong Mutton, Peter Soodi, Mehdi Yan, Wenyi Materials (Basel) Article The development of a laser cladding repair strategy is critical for the continued growth of heavy-haul railway networks. Premium hypereutectoid rails have undergone laser cladding using a new martensitic stainless-steel alloy, 415SS, developed for high carbon rails after standard cladding metals were found to be incompatible. Non-destructive neutron diffraction techniques were used to measure the residual stress in different layers generated across a dissimilar metal joint during laser cladding. The internal stress distribution across the cladding, heat-affected zone (HAZ), and substrate was measured in the untempered rail, after 350 °C and 540 °C heat treatment procedures and two surface grinding operations. The martensitic 415SS depositions produce compressive stress in the cladding, regardless of tempering procedures, which may inhibit fatigue crack propagation whilst grinding operations locally relive surface stress. Balancing tensile stresses were recorded below the fusion boundary in the HAZ due to thermal gradients altering the microstructure. The combination of 540 °C tempering and 0.5 mm surface layer removal produced a desirable combination of compression in the cladding deposition with significantly reduced tensile stresses in the HAZ. A comparison with the current literature shows that this alloy achieves a unique combination of desirable hardness, low tensile stress, and compression in the cladding layer. Data obtained during strain scanning has been used to determine the location of microstructural changes at the fusion boundary and HAZ through correlation of the stress, strain, full width at half maximum (FWHM), and intensity profiles. Therefore, neutron diffraction can be used for both the accurate measurement of internal residual stress and to obtain microstructural information of a metallurgical join non-destructively. MDPI 2022-08-08 /pmc/articles/PMC9369482/ /pubmed/35955387 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15155447 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Kendall, Olivia Fasihi, Panahsadat Abrahams, Ralph Paradowska, Anna Reid, Mark Lai, Quan Qiu, Cong Mutton, Peter Soodi, Mehdi Yan, Wenyi Application of a New Alloy and Post Processing Procedures for Laser Cladding Repairs on Hypereutectoid Rail Components |
title | Application of a New Alloy and Post Processing Procedures for Laser Cladding Repairs on Hypereutectoid Rail Components |
title_full | Application of a New Alloy and Post Processing Procedures for Laser Cladding Repairs on Hypereutectoid Rail Components |
title_fullStr | Application of a New Alloy and Post Processing Procedures for Laser Cladding Repairs on Hypereutectoid Rail Components |
title_full_unstemmed | Application of a New Alloy and Post Processing Procedures for Laser Cladding Repairs on Hypereutectoid Rail Components |
title_short | Application of a New Alloy and Post Processing Procedures for Laser Cladding Repairs on Hypereutectoid Rail Components |
title_sort | application of a new alloy and post processing procedures for laser cladding repairs on hypereutectoid rail components |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9369482/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35955387 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15155447 |
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