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Grape Seed Proanthocyanidins Exert a Neuroprotective Effect by Regulating Microglial M1/M2 Polarisation in Rats with Spinal Cord Injury
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a highly disabling disorder for which few effective treatments are available. Grape seed proanthocyanidins (GSPs) are polyphenolic compounds with various biological activities. In our preliminary experiment, GSP promoted functional recovery in rats with SCI, but the mecha...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Hindawi
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9371824/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35966334 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2579003 |
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author | Liu, Wen-zhao Ma, Zhan-jun Kang, Ji-he Lin, Ai-xin Wang, Zhao-heng Chen, Hai-wei Guo, Xu-dong He, Xue-gang Kang, Xue-wen |
author_facet | Liu, Wen-zhao Ma, Zhan-jun Kang, Ji-he Lin, Ai-xin Wang, Zhao-heng Chen, Hai-wei Guo, Xu-dong He, Xue-gang Kang, Xue-wen |
author_sort | Liu, Wen-zhao |
collection | PubMed |
description | Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a highly disabling disorder for which few effective treatments are available. Grape seed proanthocyanidins (GSPs) are polyphenolic compounds with various biological activities. In our preliminary experiment, GSP promoted functional recovery in rats with SCI, but the mechanism remains unclear. Therefore, we explored the protective effects of GSP on SCI and its possible underlying mechanisms. We found that GSP promoted locomotor recovery, reduced neuronal apoptosis, increased neuronal preservation, and regulated microglial polarisation in vivo. We also performed in vitro studies to verify the effects of GSP on neuronal protection and microglial polarisation and their potential mechanisms. We found that GSP regulated microglial polarisation and inhibited apoptosis in PC12 cells induced by M1-BV2 cells through the Toll-like receptor 4- (TLR4-) mediated nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/serine threonine kinase (PI3K/AKT) signaling pathways. This suggests that GSP regulates microglial polarisation and prevents neuronal apoptosis, possibly by the TLR4-mediated NF-κB and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9371824 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | Hindawi |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-93718242022-08-12 Grape Seed Proanthocyanidins Exert a Neuroprotective Effect by Regulating Microglial M1/M2 Polarisation in Rats with Spinal Cord Injury Liu, Wen-zhao Ma, Zhan-jun Kang, Ji-he Lin, Ai-xin Wang, Zhao-heng Chen, Hai-wei Guo, Xu-dong He, Xue-gang Kang, Xue-wen Mediators Inflamm Research Article Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a highly disabling disorder for which few effective treatments are available. Grape seed proanthocyanidins (GSPs) are polyphenolic compounds with various biological activities. In our preliminary experiment, GSP promoted functional recovery in rats with SCI, but the mechanism remains unclear. Therefore, we explored the protective effects of GSP on SCI and its possible underlying mechanisms. We found that GSP promoted locomotor recovery, reduced neuronal apoptosis, increased neuronal preservation, and regulated microglial polarisation in vivo. We also performed in vitro studies to verify the effects of GSP on neuronal protection and microglial polarisation and their potential mechanisms. We found that GSP regulated microglial polarisation and inhibited apoptosis in PC12 cells induced by M1-BV2 cells through the Toll-like receptor 4- (TLR4-) mediated nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/serine threonine kinase (PI3K/AKT) signaling pathways. This suggests that GSP regulates microglial polarisation and prevents neuronal apoptosis, possibly by the TLR4-mediated NF-κB and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. Hindawi 2022-08-04 /pmc/articles/PMC9371824/ /pubmed/35966334 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2579003 Text en Copyright © 2022 Wen-zhao Liu et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
spellingShingle | Research Article Liu, Wen-zhao Ma, Zhan-jun Kang, Ji-he Lin, Ai-xin Wang, Zhao-heng Chen, Hai-wei Guo, Xu-dong He, Xue-gang Kang, Xue-wen Grape Seed Proanthocyanidins Exert a Neuroprotective Effect by Regulating Microglial M1/M2 Polarisation in Rats with Spinal Cord Injury |
title | Grape Seed Proanthocyanidins Exert a Neuroprotective Effect by Regulating Microglial M1/M2 Polarisation in Rats with Spinal Cord Injury |
title_full | Grape Seed Proanthocyanidins Exert a Neuroprotective Effect by Regulating Microglial M1/M2 Polarisation in Rats with Spinal Cord Injury |
title_fullStr | Grape Seed Proanthocyanidins Exert a Neuroprotective Effect by Regulating Microglial M1/M2 Polarisation in Rats with Spinal Cord Injury |
title_full_unstemmed | Grape Seed Proanthocyanidins Exert a Neuroprotective Effect by Regulating Microglial M1/M2 Polarisation in Rats with Spinal Cord Injury |
title_short | Grape Seed Proanthocyanidins Exert a Neuroprotective Effect by Regulating Microglial M1/M2 Polarisation in Rats with Spinal Cord Injury |
title_sort | grape seed proanthocyanidins exert a neuroprotective effect by regulating microglial m1/m2 polarisation in rats with spinal cord injury |
topic | Research Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9371824/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35966334 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2579003 |
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