The day-of-invitation effect on participation in web-based studies

Several methods have been proposed to promote participation in web-based research. Here, we examine a technique that is available at no cost: Inviting respondents per e-mail on a particular day of the week. We base our reasoning on such a day-of-invitation effect upon theories on variations in mood and work performance over the week. We conducted five experiments with large and heterogeneous samples to find out whether such effects apply for response rate (i.e., visiting the first page of a study) and retention rate (i.e., completing the study) in web-based studies. We found evidence of a small but significant day-of-invitation effect. Response rate is high at the beginning of the workweek and falls to a low on Friday. Exploratory analyses showed that this decline is higher for employed (vs. nonemployed) persons. Effects on retention rate appear to follow a less straightforward pattern. We discuss possible mechanisms that might account for the day-of-invitation effect and recommend inviting participants on Monday or Tuesday. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.3758/s13428-021-01716-0.