Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on carbonaceous aerosols in a polluted city: Composition characterization, source apportionment, influence factors of secondary formation

Carbonaceous fractions throughout the normal period and lockdown period (LP) before and during COVID-19 outbreak were analyzed in a polluted city, Zhengzhou, China. During LP, fine particulate matters, elemental carbon (EC), and secondary organic aerosol (SOC) concentrations fell significantly (29%, 32% and 21%), whereas organic carbon (OC) only decreased by 4%. Furthermore, the mean OC/EC ratio increased (from 3.8 to 5.4) and the EC fractions declined dramatically, indicating a reduction in vehicle emission contribution. The fact that OC1–3, EC, and EC1 had good correlations suggested that OC1–3 emanated from primary emissions. OC4 was partly from secondary generation, and increased correlations of OC4 with OC1–3 during LP indicated a decrease in the share of SOC. SOC was more impacted by NO(2) throughout the research phase, thereby the concentrations were lower during LP when NO(2) levels were lower. SOC and relative humidity (RH) were found to be positively associated only when RH was below 80% and 60% during the normal period (NP) and LP, respectively. SOC, Coal combustion, gasoline vehicles, biomass burning, diesel vehicles were identified as major sources by the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model. Contribution of SOC apportioned by PMF was 3.4 and 3.0 μg/m(3), comparable to the calculated findings (3.8 and 3.0 μg/m(3)) during the two periods. During LP, contributions from gasoline vehicles dropped the most, from 47% to 37% and from 7.1 to 4.3 μg/m(3), contribution of biomass burning and diesel vehicles fell by 3% (0.6 μg/m(3)) and 1% (0.4 μg/m(3)), and coal combustion concentrations remained nearly constant. The findings of this study highlight the immense importance of anthropogenic source reduction in carbonaceous component variations and SOC generation, and provide significant insight into the temporal variations and sources of carbonaceous fractions in polluted cities.