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Esophageal Carcinoma and Associated Risk Factors: A Case-control Study in Two Tertiary Care Hospitals of Kabul, Afghanistan

PURPOSE: Esophageal cancer (EC) is the most common cancer among males in Afghanistan, thus we aimed to conduct a case-control study to determine the associated risk factors with EC in two tertiary care hospitals of Kabul, Afghanistan. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We enrolled 132 EC cases and 132 controls a...

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Autores principales: Saadaat, Ramin, Abdul-Ghafar, Jamshid, Haidary, Ahmed Maseh, Atta, Nooria, Ali, Tazeen Saeed
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Dove 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9375978/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35975105
http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/CMAR.S372883
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author Saadaat, Ramin
Abdul-Ghafar, Jamshid
Haidary, Ahmed Maseh
Atta, Nooria
Ali, Tazeen Saeed
author_facet Saadaat, Ramin
Abdul-Ghafar, Jamshid
Haidary, Ahmed Maseh
Atta, Nooria
Ali, Tazeen Saeed
author_sort Saadaat, Ramin
collection PubMed
description PURPOSE: Esophageal cancer (EC) is the most common cancer among males in Afghanistan, thus we aimed to conduct a case-control study to determine the associated risk factors with EC in two tertiary care hospitals of Kabul, Afghanistan. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We enrolled 132 EC cases and 132 controls and used conditional logistic regression to estimate the odds ratio (OR) with consideration of 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: The results of our study revealed that esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) was the predominant type of EC constituting 75.8% of the cases. The results of the multivariate logistic analysis showed that males and older ages were at increased risk of developing EC (OR: 4.62, 95%CI, p-value=0.026) and (OR: 1.070, 95%CI, p-value <0.001), respectively. In addition, living in rural areas (OR: 46.64, 95%CI, p-value <0.001), being uneducated (OR: 13.94, 95%CI, p-value=0.042), using oral snuff (OR: 6.10, 95%CI, p-value=0.029), drinking hot tea (OR: 5.719, 95%CI, p-value=0.005), lack of physical exercise (OR: 32.548, 95%CI, p-value=0.001), less fresh fruit consumption (OR: 93.18, 95%CI, p-value<0.001) and family history of cancer (OR: 14.50, 95%CI, p-value=0.003) were significantly associated with the development of EC, while body mass index (BMI), smoking, alcohol drinking, consumption of spicy food and pickled vegetables did not have a significant association with EC. Moreover, the majority of the cases (83.3%) in our study were from to low-income families and the majority were unemployed (93.9%), of whom (50%) were farmers, who did not show statistically significant association. CONCLUSION: Our study concluded that EC risk was higher in older ages, males, rural residents, uneducated people, oral-snuff users, hot tea drinkers, fewer fresh fruit consumers, lack of physical exercise, and family history of cancer. Further detailed studies and screening policies of the affected groups are suggested to further elaborate on the subject.
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spelling pubmed-93759782022-08-15 Esophageal Carcinoma and Associated Risk Factors: A Case-control Study in Two Tertiary Care Hospitals of Kabul, Afghanistan Saadaat, Ramin Abdul-Ghafar, Jamshid Haidary, Ahmed Maseh Atta, Nooria Ali, Tazeen Saeed Cancer Manag Res Original Research PURPOSE: Esophageal cancer (EC) is the most common cancer among males in Afghanistan, thus we aimed to conduct a case-control study to determine the associated risk factors with EC in two tertiary care hospitals of Kabul, Afghanistan. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We enrolled 132 EC cases and 132 controls and used conditional logistic regression to estimate the odds ratio (OR) with consideration of 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: The results of our study revealed that esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) was the predominant type of EC constituting 75.8% of the cases. The results of the multivariate logistic analysis showed that males and older ages were at increased risk of developing EC (OR: 4.62, 95%CI, p-value=0.026) and (OR: 1.070, 95%CI, p-value <0.001), respectively. In addition, living in rural areas (OR: 46.64, 95%CI, p-value <0.001), being uneducated (OR: 13.94, 95%CI, p-value=0.042), using oral snuff (OR: 6.10, 95%CI, p-value=0.029), drinking hot tea (OR: 5.719, 95%CI, p-value=0.005), lack of physical exercise (OR: 32.548, 95%CI, p-value=0.001), less fresh fruit consumption (OR: 93.18, 95%CI, p-value<0.001) and family history of cancer (OR: 14.50, 95%CI, p-value=0.003) were significantly associated with the development of EC, while body mass index (BMI), smoking, alcohol drinking, consumption of spicy food and pickled vegetables did not have a significant association with EC. Moreover, the majority of the cases (83.3%) in our study were from to low-income families and the majority were unemployed (93.9%), of whom (50%) were farmers, who did not show statistically significant association. CONCLUSION: Our study concluded that EC risk was higher in older ages, males, rural residents, uneducated people, oral-snuff users, hot tea drinkers, fewer fresh fruit consumers, lack of physical exercise, and family history of cancer. Further detailed studies and screening policies of the affected groups are suggested to further elaborate on the subject. Dove 2022-08-10 /pmc/articles/PMC9375978/ /pubmed/35975105 http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/CMAR.S372883 Text en © 2022 Saadaat et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) ). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms (https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php).
spellingShingle Original Research
Saadaat, Ramin
Abdul-Ghafar, Jamshid
Haidary, Ahmed Maseh
Atta, Nooria
Ali, Tazeen Saeed
Esophageal Carcinoma and Associated Risk Factors: A Case-control Study in Two Tertiary Care Hospitals of Kabul, Afghanistan
title Esophageal Carcinoma and Associated Risk Factors: A Case-control Study in Two Tertiary Care Hospitals of Kabul, Afghanistan
title_full Esophageal Carcinoma and Associated Risk Factors: A Case-control Study in Two Tertiary Care Hospitals of Kabul, Afghanistan
title_fullStr Esophageal Carcinoma and Associated Risk Factors: A Case-control Study in Two Tertiary Care Hospitals of Kabul, Afghanistan
title_full_unstemmed Esophageal Carcinoma and Associated Risk Factors: A Case-control Study in Two Tertiary Care Hospitals of Kabul, Afghanistan
title_short Esophageal Carcinoma and Associated Risk Factors: A Case-control Study in Two Tertiary Care Hospitals of Kabul, Afghanistan
title_sort esophageal carcinoma and associated risk factors: a case-control study in two tertiary care hospitals of kabul, afghanistan
topic Original Research
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9375978/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35975105
http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/CMAR.S372883
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